Importance of dreams in the Epic of Gilgamesh

In the Gilgamesh story, dreams have been given great prominence especially since they play a critical part in explaining the unfolding of events. The two main characters Gilgamesh and Enkidu constantly dream about things and events which contribute positively to their lives as well as help give meaning to the story. In the period of the story, the Mesopotamians held the common belief that dreams were a method of communication between human beings and their ancestors.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Importance of dreams in the Epic of Gilgamesh specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the dream where a meteor dropped from the sky, Gilgamesh’s mother, Ninsun, interpreted it as a sign of the arrival of a powerful person who would seek to challenge Gilgamesh’s authority (Shin-eqi-Unninni 15). She also said that after Gilgamesh fails to take down the assailant an interpretation arrived at from Gilgameshâ€⠄¢s revelation that he â€Å" tried to lift it but it proved too heavy. All the people of Uruk came round to see it† (Shin-eqi-Unninni 15). Ninsun also claimd that they (Gilgamesh and the stranger) would combine forces to become a formidable team which would live up to their greatness. This interpretation came to pass when he (Gilgamesh) meets with Enkidu in the duel at the wedding banquet. As it happens, the two struggle with each other before they eventually agree to become friends. The importance of the dream in this instance was to prepare Gilgamesh for the event. As far as the development of the plot is concerned, this dream and its subsequent interpretation, help create a sense of anticipation. The reader finds him/herself pushing through the story hoping to find out whether the dream came to be true or not. Enkidu dreams about his own death in a vision that depicts him infront of a council of gods. In the dream, Enkidu believes that Shamhat is the one responsible for h is weakened state but later, at the intervention of Shamash, he is able to see things in a broader perspective and blesses the woman (Shin-eqi-Unninni 26-27). In line with the dream, Enkidu falls sick for twelve days and eventually passes on, urging Gilgamesh not to forget him. By the time this dream appears in the story, the reader is already aware that it is bound to come true, but one reads on hoping that Enkidu would somehow find a loophole that would take him away from the fate predicted by the dream. The prophetic dreams that both Gilgamesh and Enkidu have are used to show the weaknesses of man in front of destiny. This is because, even as powerful as the two individuals are, they cannot change tragic events that lay in their life paths. These dreams become some sort of satire as the two individuals have the strength to handle most of life’s unexpected challenges but they cannot summon enough authority to handle things that they are sure are coming.Advertising Look ing for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Enkidu tries to find a scapegoat by blaming the lady Shamhat for his own shortcomings in his pre-death premonition (Shin-eqi-Unninni 27). His disappointment at dying a weak man’s death is evident from the story and one would be tempted to blame him for not responding to earlier challenges adequately. Dreams have been used repeatedly in the epic story with an aim of emphasizing the Mesopotamian cultural and religious beliefs. It is less likely that the dreams would have had great significance to individuals from different cultural backgrounds and the reader is also left wondering whether the events in the story would have come out the same way had the interpreters given different explanations. This means that the dreams could also have been used to create some form of rhetorical questioning in the minds of the readers. Works Cited Shin-eqi-Unninni.  "Gilgamesh†. The Norton Anthology of World Literature, Vol A:  Beginnings to A.D. 100. Eds. Sarah Lawall et al. New York: W.W. Norton Company, 2003. 10-41.Print This essay on Importance of dreams in the Epic of Gilgamesh was written and submitted by user Abbey Santiago to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Left Realism

In the early 1980's, two "new" approaches to the study of crime and deviance began to emerge in Britain and America, both of which focused upon the "realities" of crime (specifically) - but from different ends of the political spectrum. In Britain, the "New Left Realism" started to develop through the work of writers such as Lea and Young, while the "New Right Realism" developed around the work of Wilson in America and writers such as Clarke and Mayhew in Britain. While, as you might expect, the two basic approaches address the "problem" of crime from quite different political starting points, they have a couple of ideas in common: 1. Both view crime as a form of "social problem" - not only for control agencies but also for the victims / potential victims of crime. 2. Both produce ideas that attempt to locate crime within a wider political (although different) context - the "New Realism". New Left Realism For the past 30 years, Jock Young has been recognized as one of the major British writers in the field of crime and deviance. His intellectual career encompasses Interactionism, Radical Criminology and now New Left Realism and, for this reason alone, perhaps, his work represents an interesting area of study. A New Left Realist approach to the study of crime begins by doing two things: Firstly, it rejects "partial" theories of crime because they are guilty of either: a. An over-concentration on the operation of control agencies (for example, Functionalism and Subcultural theory) or b. An over-concentration on the experiences of criminals and the attempt to "understand" their point of view as either: "Victims" of a labelling process (Interactionism) or "Political catalysts" against bourgeois domination (Radical Criminology / Marxist Subcultural theory). Secondly, it synthesizes various elements from past theoretical perspectives into a "new realistic" approach to crime and deviance that seeks to und... Free Essays on Left Realism Free Essays on Left Realism In the early 1980's, two "new" approaches to the study of crime and deviance began to emerge in Britain and America, both of which focused upon the "realities" of crime (specifically) - but from different ends of the political spectrum. In Britain, the "New Left Realism" started to develop through the work of writers such as Lea and Young, while the "New Right Realism" developed around the work of Wilson in America and writers such as Clarke and Mayhew in Britain. While, as you might expect, the two basic approaches address the "problem" of crime from quite different political starting points, they have a couple of ideas in common: 1. Both view crime as a form of "social problem" - not only for control agencies but also for the victims / potential victims of crime. 2. Both produce ideas that attempt to locate crime within a wider political (although different) context - the "New Realism". New Left Realism For the past 30 years, Jock Young has been recognized as one of the major British writers in the field of crime and deviance. His intellectual career encompasses Interactionism, Radical Criminology and now New Left Realism and, for this reason alone, perhaps, his work represents an interesting area of study. A New Left Realist approach to the study of crime begins by doing two things: Firstly, it rejects "partial" theories of crime because they are guilty of either: a. An over-concentration on the operation of control agencies (for example, Functionalism and Subcultural theory) or b. An over-concentration on the experiences of criminals and the attempt to "understand" their point of view as either: "Victims" of a labelling process (Interactionism) or "Political catalysts" against bourgeois domination (Radical Criminology / Marxist Subcultural theory). Secondly, it synthesizes various elements from past theoretical perspectives into a "new realistic" approach to crime and deviance that seeks to und...

Me going throgh the interior castle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Me going throgh the interior castle - Essay Example That has helped me understand life in a better manner, and removed my ignorance. Kneeling, I begin to pray and I see her disappear like a wisp of smoke, dissolving in to air. An inner vision gives me a sense that I am praying before a large â€Å"castle formed of a single diamond or a very transparent crystal, and containing many rooms, just as in heaven there are many mansions.† (P.38-39) An understanding dawns on me that my soul is pure dignified, it is where my god would choose to dwell; it is the place where I can find him. To be one with my god I have to eschew the elements of bad in me, and focus on the good in the world, which only the soul could make me recognize. My body only compare to the coarse exterior of a beauty that lies within me. I beseech my lord to give me entry in to the interior of this magnificent castle. I can see a few people hanging out in the courtyards, some thronging around tables filled with food while others encircle what looked like a roulette fable, but the food, despite its inviting aroma, and the jingle of the gold coins that clatter on the roulette table, fail to evoke any sense of interest in me. Sentinels who stand guard also seem to ignore them. I keep praying and the vision of a gate emerges. Crowding on either side are silhouettes of men and women who appear through a misty shroud like pale apparitions. But all of them seem to be unsure whether to enter the gate or not. They look at me, as if sizing me up; questioning the propriety of by being there. I hesitate for a moment, a feeling of confusion foreboding me. Wailing sounds ring inside my ear and my mind conjures up the images of grotesque figures lamenting about their miseries. â€Å"The soulless spirits of sinners†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I whisper. My steps begin to waver as I approached the threshold and I hold my palms together, fingers of each hand pressing hard against the back of the other. The image

Justice in the distribution of marketing service (Walmart) for the Research Paper

Justice in the distribution of marketing service (Walmart) for the population density in Arkansas state in 2000 and 2010 - Research Paper Example The average life expectancy in Arkansas is 76.0 years. This period is shorter than the U.S life expectancy of 78.0 years approximately all of the 75 counties in Arkansas apart from three have life expectancies shorter than the total average nationally. Benton County in the north-west Arkansas has the longest life expectancy, which is 79.8 years. Phillips County located in eastern Arkansas has the shortest life expectancy, which was 69.8 years. This period has a difference of 10 years in life expectancy. There are averagely 17 counties with life expectancies that are six to ten years shorter than Benton County. Arkansas borders Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Tennessee. Arkansas 10 biggest cities and towns are Little Rock, Springdale, North Little Rock, Fort Smith, Jonesboro, Fayetteville, Bentonville, Pine Bluff, Rogers, and Conway (Rice 13). This work discusses how justice is not done equally in the distribution of marketing provision (Walmart) for the population compactness in Arkansas State in 2000 and 2010. Tourism is one of the Benton County’s leading productions, generating $6.66 billion in transactions yearly. Arkansas State Metroparks subsidies to this commerce. Almost 12 percent of tourists to Benton County emanate for the perseverance of visiting the outside, such as parks, trails, and seashores. These tourists devote $743 million per annum in the native economy and create $50.6 million in government and confined sales taxes. -Inhabitants also appreciate Arkansas State Metroparks trails and botanical gardens. Each year occupants of Benton County collects a subsidy of $40.5 million for the straight use of these park amenities (Rice 19). Autonomous investigation shows that park use transforms into an enlarged physical bustle, resulting in medical fee savings. Roughly 143,000 adult occupants of Benton County participate in physical commotion at a level adequate to produce computable health benefits,

Segmentation Variables for the water market in the UK. Coca-Cola in UK Assignment

Segmentation Variables for the water market in the UK. Coca-Cola in UK - Assignment Example Dasani failed in the UK market because unlike most of the bottled water which were obtained from precious natural spring or alpine glaciers, Dasani was obtained through local tab water which the company put in the purification process and added mineral salt to it. Within just five weeks of its launched Dasani was withdrawn from the market resulting in financial loss, created a bad image in the minds of the customers reducing the brand value. Bottled water is the fastest growing product in the soft drink category and Coke needs a successful bottled water to capture the UK and European market (Garrett, 2004). Segmentation Variables for the water market in the UK The benefits of market segmentation are highly recognized by the marketing practitioners. With more advanced and sophisticated technology the consumers have become more sophisticated in their shopping behavior and so it becomes important for the marketers to consider the potential market segment and introduce the product. The p rinciple assumption lies on the fact the consumers are numerous and are varied in their product needs and requirements and are not satisfied by single offering, thus market segmentation is required to satisfy the different needs and demands of the customers. ... The UK soft drink sector has showed a growth rate in the year 2010 and is expected to grow in the future. The soft drink market registered an impressive 4.1% of growth along with 5.8% increase in the value and stood at 14585 million litters in 2010. UK soft drink sector is divided into five segments comprising of carbonates (44%), dilutables (24%), fruit juice (8%), bottled water (14%) and still and juice (10%) respectively. UK water markets are segmented into three types of water which includes natural mineral water comprising of 61%, spring water comprising of 28% and bottled drinking water which comprises of 11% (BSDA, 2011). Segments for bottled water UK soft drink sector consists of five different segments in which the bottled water compromises of 14% of the market share. Consumption of bottled water in UK was highest in 2006 where consumption amounted to 2240 million liters and in 2010 consumption of bottled water amounted to 2055 million liters. UK bottled water falls under th ree segments, still bottled water comprising of 72%, sparkling bottled water accounting for 14% and still water cooler comprising of 14% in the bottled market sector (BSDA, 2011). UK bottled water market continued to recover and grew by 0.7%in volume. With promotional activity along with few lucky breaks experienced in the weather kept the market share of bottled water rising. Segment targeted by Coke The target audience segmented by Coke was similar to the soft drinks, Diet Coke one of the most popular and famous product of Coke. The target customers were all those people who wanted to a product that would quench their thrust and at the same time is healthy. It can also be said that

Single Stage Selective Tendering

Single Stage Selective Tendering The method of single stage selective tendering involves finding contractors, possibly from previous experience, and asking them to submit tenders for the project at hand. Because you choose your contractors yourself you can properly dig to find the best one. Past experience is always a help in making your decision, not only this but you can take into account the resources of the company youre using, their health and safety record and their references. Not only this but when choosing a contractor it is also sensible to take into consideration the type of work your doing, some companies will specialise in different areas. There are a few benefits to using single stage selective tendering, firstly you can choose your own contractor and remove bad performing contractors, secondly companies are competitive over it and lastly you can rotate your contractors ensuring you always have a fresh pair of hands. Two Stage Selection Sometimes, potential contractors may be invited to initial discussions about the project to provide input. This is usually only when a project has a short time scale or the client doesnt have much time to work with. After this initial discussion the client can invite his favourite contractors back for a second, which again is a good way to gather more ideas and different inputs on the project. After the second interview the client should definitely know who he wants on board and it the discussions should make it easier to select his contractor. This is a good way of selecting a contractor as you can gather a wide range of input from the first two discussions; it also allows the client to meet all potential candidates allowing him to make a sensible decision. In the second meeting it is likely the contractors will bring bills of quantities to submit as part of the final tender. Open Tendering Open tendering almost explains itself. A client will put some form of advertisement out for a contractor and all contractors are welcome to reply. The client can then make this decision based on portfolios, references or CVs of potential contractors. Open tenders usually occur when a service such a road cleaning is needed. The major disadvantage in open tendering is that many contractors who you have know nothing about, considering their costs and reputation too, can apply, meaning you could end up making a bad decision due to minimal knowledge. References are important in open tendering. Serial Tendering Serial tendering has a number of benefits to it. This is because when you choose a contractor for serial tendering he will be involved on a number of projects. The contractor provides a price for the first project and then uses this to estimate prices for the following tasks. This method of tendering is usually used when there are a number of similar projects taking place, for example a series of schools being built. The advantages to serials tendering are that firstly, the contractor gains valuable knowledge from initial projects to be used in the other projects and secondly the client is guaranteed a long term commitment from the contractor. OBJECTIVES IN TENDERING There are a number of different objectives you will set for yourself in the tendering stage of a project. These objects can have an affect on the tender costs, and if they are not met, it means your overall price will rise. Profit Margin The profit margin of a project is basically how much profit there is to be made, it is a figure taking into consideration all of the costs, once all these costs deductions are done we are left with a rough figure or how much money is to be made. Cost Costs are always a key thing to keep in mind; it will definitely be an objective for the contractors and client to ensure that they keep within their cost restraints. The lower the overall costs of your project, the lower the asking price will be. Some contractors will loose money from their own pocket if they do not keep to their initial set costs. Time It is important to ensure you keep within your timescale on a project, lengthy projects will cost more money than short ones and going over your time scale will have a roll on effect on the overall price. FACTORS AFFECTING THE LEVEL OF TENDERS Main Contractors The main influence in the levels of tenders is the value of a project. Small projects tend to have large lump sum overheads resulting in small profit margins whereas larger projects rely on massive financial commitments. There are numerous other factors that affect the levels of tendering: The number and reputation of other companies trying to secure a tender. The economic climate of a country. Bank of England Base rate higher base rate=higher loan repayment Specialism Location The location of a project can have a massive effect on the tender price. For Example, if a client chose a contractor based in the UK to carry out works in northern Scotland the tender price will be significantly higher. Not only will prices rise due to the fact that the contractor will have to get himself and his men and machinery to northern Scotland and back but sometimes, on long-term projects, the contractor will have to pay for temporary accommodation, including food and drink. Temporary accommodation will cost a lot and can have a great affect on the contractors tender price. Not only this but also, if the project is based somewhere like London, where living costs are substantially larger than the rest of the UK, this can have an effect on the tender price. Site Access The accessibility of a site can also have a significant affect on the tender price. If the site is in the middle of a busy city centre, this will make it hard for large plant to access; city centres also bring a lot of traffic which results in delays. If your site is small with not many access routes or roads it can deem difficult for larger plant to get in, some projects require new access points and routes to be made for larger plant to do their jobs. This obviously costs money, which results on a larger tender price. Site Conditions If the chosen site is unlevelled or bad it means that before works can even proceed, the site will have to be sorted out. This can cost a lot of time and money depending on the state of the site. Some sites are contaminated which will result in a massive operation to decontaminate the site and a massive increase in tender pricing. Sub Contractors Subcontractors are usually appointed in one of two ways. The first way is as a domestic subcontractor to the main contractor and the second is a nominated subcontractor by the client. When there is specialist work that needs to be done that a contractor cannot, he will send for a subcontractor who can do the work. Some subcontractors get recommend by the client. There are once again, factors that influence the prices: The location of the work The schedule of the subcontractor How specialist the work is The client/contractor relationship with the sub contractor. M4 Single Stage Selective Single stage tendering requires the potential contractors to attend one interview with the client before one is chosen. This method is usually used when the client is looking for a partnership agreement with a guaranteed price and profit share. Single rate is also good for projects that need specialist attention. It is a good method for the projects such as hospitals where the client can guarantee a max price. Two Stage Selection This kind of tendering is often used for the design and build aspect of a project as it is good for gathering a wide range of ideas from a number of potential contractors. A sensible contractor will bring ideas to save money to the client and whoever usually manages to save the most money will be hired. This is a good method for specialised needs as the information you gather from the contractors can inform you on whether of not they themselves can carry out the work, which will be cheaper, or whether they have good links with sub contractors that specialise in that area. Two stage selection is good for any building that needs specialist care and also for school and colleges as the client gets significant input from all the potential contractors in the first two stages. Serial Tendering Serial tendering is used when there are a number of similar projects being undertook. It is good because the contractor can use his knowledge from pricing the first building to then price the following projects too. Not all the projects have the same layout but are similar in material and plant need. This enables the contractor to get a quicker idea of price ranges for the other projects as he already knows what he is expecting. Serial tendering is used when a series of school are being built, it can also work for a series of police stations or hospitals. Serial tendering is also good for housing projects, shop chains and restaurant chains. Open Tendering Open tendering is the most traditional tendering method. It is when anyone is open to submit a tender and the client will go through the applicants and choose, who he believes, to be the most suitable candidate. Open tendering can work for any kind of building and also is used for general services like road cleaning. It is good because you get a wide range of applicants to choose from. Even buildings that need specialist work done can be open tendered as the contractors themselves can appoint subcontractors for that kind of work. There are a number of different factors that will have an effect on tender method to be chosen, the following factors can all have an effect on what kind of tender method you use; The location of the project, European construction works are usually dealt with differently to non-EU construction projects. Project size, massive multi-million projects sometimes need the combined help of a number of contractors, e.g. Channel Tunnel. Financial stability of construction company tendering for the work. Company reputation Company resources, including plant, labour and materials. Company competency, including health and safety aspects. The size of projects does have a big effect on the contractor you can use. For many small projects, worth around  £10,000 or less, the majority of clients would find a local contractor to do the job, however for the larger scale projects contractors can be brought in from all corners of the country. Not only size but also the type of work being carried out affects this too, as mentioned before, sometimes a number of contractors will have to join together, in what we call a consortium, in order to meet the high demand of resources needed. And lastly, the massive, high-value projects must be kept an eye on. To ensure they have the capacity to take on such a large financial debt and the associated cash flow requirements, the financial accounts of a prospective tender must be checked over a number of years.

Comparing John Cheever’s The Swimmer and The Five-Forty-Eight Essay

Comparing John Cheever’s The Swimmer and The Five-Forty-Eight Two stories by John Cheever, The Swimmer and The Five-Forty-Eight (5-48), will be explored in terms of how the characters, genre and point of view in these stories give rise to classic fiction. The Swimmer is of a suburban man, Neddy Merrill, who decides to return home from work by swimming eight miles through all of his neighbors' pools along the way. At each pool he encounters a former mistress, distant and unfriendly neighbours and other symbols of a bitter, frustrated life. To Neddy, this is his epic day's journey. However, when he arrives home, his family has left him. The swimmer has made it home; but too much has changed. While 5-48 is about the protagonist, Blake, having an affair with the emotionally weak Dent. The story begins with Blake firing Dent and she in turn stalks him to the 5-48 with a gun. She gains her revenge by making him kneel before her. Blake’s humiliation is complete when she forces him to rub his face in the dirt. 5-48 is developed as a typical story with the two principal characters, Blake and Dent, very well developed. There is constant tension from the point where Blake (depicted as egotistical, insensitive and in control) leaves the office to the train 5-48, all the while being pursued by Dent (the victim, who is emotionally weak, manipulated and cheated). Its chronological form simplifies the story and makes it a fast paced and delightful read. In addition, there is realism injected by actual places like the 5-48 train and Shady Hill, tired and cold relationships, betrayal, revenge and affairs that are so commonplace in society. Swimmer seems to be a painful reflection of his own life that was blighted by serious al... ...s request for a drink or the idea of entertaining him or give him money. In retrospect after analyzing Cheever’s The Swimmer and The Five-Forty-Eight, I think that isolation stands out as the underlying theme for both stories although they are markedly different in plot and genre. Also these stories seem to be a poignant reminder of Cheever’s personal life and to an extent a chapter of life in that period, although poverty, discrimination and adultery are still present today and affect both you and me. Works Cited Cheever, John. â€Å"The Five-Forty-Eight.† The Stories of John Cheever. New York: Knopf, 1978. ---------------. "The Swimmer." The Stories of John Cheever. New York: Knopf, 1978. Works Consulted Slabey, Robert M. "John Cheever: The Swimming' of America." Critical Essays on John Cheever. Ed. Robert G. Coolins. Boston: Hall, 1982. 180-90.

Emotions as a Motive Essay

Introduction Introductions for at least two historical theories of emotion and arousal as they relate to human motivation. In social interactions emotions play an essential role, (Russell, Bachorowski, & Fernandez-Dols.2003; Scherer, 2003; Sanderel al, 20050. Your perception and facilitate rational decision-making and the brain within the human body. It is difficult to perform important regulatory and utilitarian functions. (Damasio, 1994). Perception and human cognition is the importance of emotions. And this is evidence from recent neurological studies underlines, (Picard, 2001). The discipline that studies human computer interactions, the affects and gain understandings of these phenomenon interactions have only recently started to investigate this. (Julien Mc Kecknie, & Hari, 2005; Picard, 1997; Nahl & Bilal, 2007). Affective systems are developing and some progress has been made in the subject. Pleasurable and computer interaction experiences more effective and the ultimately making, human’s emotions are capable of recognizing and appropriately and responding to it. (Picard, 1997). In this field of emotion is still young with rapidly developing. The specific research objectives, has been to present this existing methodologies, so are readers will be able to evaluate these approaches against specific research objectives. In their opinion the reviewed methods have had a similar level of exposure and validation by our peers. They are what make life worth living and sometimes ending it. No aspect of our mental life is more important to the quality and meaning of our existence than emotions. Covered by the word â€Å"emotions† perhaps because the sheer variety of this phenomena. What is so surprising is that much of the 20th century philosophers and psychologists tend to neglect them. Economics, evolutionary biology. Neurology, particularly  psychology disciplines, it is no longer useful to speak of the philosophy of emotion and isolation from the approaches of others, between different emotions as well.as some of the ways in which they have envisaged in relation, I began by outlining the different ways that philosophers have conceived the place of emotions and the two pagraphy of the mind. In their relation to particularly in their relation to bodily states, to this starts of motivation, to a beliefs and desires as well as some of the ways in which they envisaged that relation to the contents of life offered a number of theories of emotion and stressing their function. Be said to be rational. Morality and relations between emotions this results in a particularly ambivalent. I will conclude with a brief survey of some recent trends by the neighboring disciplines in which the studies of the motion had become increasingly prominent, Historical Theories of Emotion According to Deckers (2010), â€Å"psychological arousal is one of the expressive channels for emotion† (p. 325). Also changes in different psychological variables are also important in determining what emotion the person is feeling. An assumption regarding physiological arousal is that the arousal is the cause for the emotion. Another hypothesis is that the arousal is the stimulus accompanying and deciphering the environment, resulting in the emotional reaction (Deckers, 2010). Lastly a third assumption is arousal and subjective feelings happen together and arousal provides preparation for the reaction (Deckers, 2010). James-Lange theory â€Å"The James-Lange theory refers to a hypothesis on the origin and nature of emotions and is one of the earliest theories of emotions within modern psychology† (Lang, Peter J., 1994. The Varieties of Emotional Psychology. The theory was developed by William James and Carl Lange and the basic concept of this theory is that the physiological arousal reveals a specific emotion. Instead of the body feeling an emotion and the body using its responses, this theory shows that the physiological change is first, and emotion is then kicked in when the brain reacts to all the information given and received by the nervous system. The James –Lange theory shows how most and all emotion is presented at the presented at the basis of a natural  stimulus, which shows a physiological response. The responses produced from this could be a rise in one’s heart rate, sweating and dryness of the mouth and sometimes fatigue. When dealing with and understanding the James- Lange theory an object that has an effect on a sense relays and the message to the cerebral cortex. At that point the brain sends that information and message to the body’s muscles and the viscera, in return they both respond to the signals. James showed that the response comes first, followed by an emotion and them instantly followed by a reaction. The James- Lange theory relies and uses the foundation of impulses from the periphery to account for many emotional experiences. â€Å"The main concepts of the Cannon- Bard theory is that the emotional experiences result from stimulation of the dorsal thalamus† (James, W; 1922. The Emotions). Many times the physiological changes and feelings of a particular emotion as part of the response to a natural stimulus which are independently aroused and can often occur before emotion happens. This theory is based on research and studies that use the brain, physiological responses and feelings in an emotional situation. The most important factor in the Cannon- Bard theory is that the body changes with different emotional experiences and situations. Cannon summarizes this theory with the understanding that the thalamic region is the coordinator and operation center for emotional reactions. Research Methods Uncovering emotion is an ongoing process. Researchers work diligently to find ways to measure how human emotions occur. In the Little Albert experiment, Albert was not afraid of white rats until it was paired with a loud clinging noise. This experiment demonstrated how fear can be produced in a human being. This research was done in 1920 by John B. Watson and Rosaline Rayner, the purpose was to prove fear is a learned behavior. Although this research method demonstrated how a behavior is created, it also added insight into human emotions. Observer method Research methods have since then evolved into understanding how emotions can be measured. One research method used by psychologist is called the observer method. In this method a person is given several tasks to perform, which are observed by a researcher. The researcher is looking for facial expressions,  body language or gestures, and also speech. This method is widely used in psychology research of different disorders as well as emotions. Although the participant may fake some of the emotions during the process, this method has been instrumental in aiding the psychologist reading emotions. Analyzing the data from the observer research method can be somewhat skewed; and therefore, the information may not be as accurate if the person is afraid to show his or her true emotions. However the observer method is a good method to consider. Self-report Method Another type of research is called a self- report, where the participant is given a questionnaire or an interview in order to understand how a person responds. Using self – report method, participants may be asked to keep an honest journal of how they feel. Journal writing may be one of the most effective ways to uncover emotions because it gives an honest account of how a person feels at any given time. The self – report method may prove to be more accurate in terms of understanding human emotion. Participants are more likely to answer a questionnaire truthfully especially of it is anonymous. If a research method does not single out a person, then probably he or she will provide honest responses. When a person is interviewed it is possible he or she will be honest with the interviewer, which can further the research on emotions. There are others methods used to uncover emotions, however self – report perhaps is the best way to unlock the mysteries of human emoti on. Facial Feedback Hypothesis Facial expressions are an individual’s way of letting others know how he or she feels. Facial expressions provide an insight to the person basic emotions. Because facial expressions are a connection to the person’s emotions, it is safe to say that a smile simply means he or she is happy and a frown means a person is sad, unhappy. A hypothesis regarding facial expressions is that emotion and an experience are in relation to each other, however they do not share a connection or cause each other. A stimulus is the cause for an emotion and experience that are presented through facial expressions. Another hypothesis is that the affective experience and emotions are in direct cause of one another. This means that a person will show emotion through facial expressions only based on an experience, such as  watching a sad movie and showing sad facial expressions, watery eyes etc. The event-appraisal-emotion sequence is how an individual concludes the reason for someone’s emotional or sentimental response. An example of this sequence process is a person’s first date. A person will evaluate the date, and if the date seemed successful the person may feel happy, at ease, excited for possible future dates, and a possible long term relationship. Therefore, evaluating a situation based on the emotions that are being felt about it can lead to other emotions based on that experience. Both the facial feedback hypothesis and the event-appraisal-emotion sequence are based on a person emotions and experiences with other people. Despite the events that take place and the emotions that evolve due to these events all situations end in the same way, people ending up with a variety of emotions (Deckers, 2010). Conclusion Throughout this class we have learn so much about motivation and emotion gaining a good understanding about the influences our motivation and emotions how we can influence them. Motivation research and there theory are so importance so we can understand why we do what we do and why we act the way we do. All of these theories are in a way correct with interplay the different drives that motivating us in different times. Many theories have been done and they suggest psychological drives of autonomy competence or socialized drives for achievement affiliation and the power to motivate us. Hunger and sex are biological drives witch motivate us and many theories have been formulated which suggest this. When trying to increase my own motivation I found information on intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation really resonated. If what we are support to seen as enjoyable or interesting then we will be motivated to do them. To increase motivation sometime if you have an explanation about what it means or the importance of the task this will also increase the person’s motivation. To keep you motivate on a task you can break down into tasks that you can achieve and goals is also very motivated as positive reinforcement. Overall this class has help me to understand motivation and apply it to everyday life in this case I will need a lot more motivation.it has also taught me to understand how to go for it and inprove these situations so I can get move motivation. References Deckers, L. (2010). Motivation: Biological, psychological, and environmental (3rd ed.). Boston: Pearson/Allyn & Bacon. Lottridge, D., Chignell, M., & Jovicic, A. (2011). Affective interaction: Understanding, Evaluating and Designing for human emotion. Human Factor and Ergonomics Society, 7(197). Retrieved from http://www.sagepublictions.com http://effectivepapers.blogspot.com/2010/12/research-paper-on-emotions.html http://www.antiessays.com/free-essays/Psy-355-Sources-Of-Motivation-Paper-164233.html http://prezi.com/wytlsxre8y9l/motivation-and-emotions/ http://www.peoi.org/Courses/Coursesen/psy3/contents/frame10a.html http://allpsych.com/psychology101/motivation.html References: Lang, Peter J. (1994). â€Å" The Varieties of Emotional Experience: A Meditation on James- Lange Theory†. Psychological Review 101 (2): 211-221. James, W. ; C.G. Lange ( 1922). The emotions. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins Co.

Biography of Willem de Kooning, Abstract Expressionist

Biography of Willem de Kooning, Abstract Expressionist Willem de Kooning (April 24, 1904 - March 19, 1997) was a Dutch-American artist known as a leader of the Abstract Expressionist movement of the 1950s. He was noted for combining the influences of Cubism, Expressionism, and Surrealism into an idiosyncratic style. Fast Facts: Willem de Kooning Born: April 24, 1904, in Rotterdam, NetherlandsDied: March 19, 1997, in East Hampton, New YorkSpouse: Elaine Fried (m. 1943)Artistic Movement: Abstract ExpressionismSelected Works: Woman III (1953), July 4th (1957), Clamdigger (1976)Key Accomplishment: Presidential Medal of Freedom (1964)Interesting Fact: He became a U.S. citizen in 1962Notable Quote: I dont paint to live. I live to paint. Early Life and Career Willem de Kooning was born and raised in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. His parents divorced when he was 3 years old. He left school at age 12 and became an apprentice to commercial artists. For the next eight years, he enrolled in evening classes at the Academy of Fine Arts and Applied Sciences of Rotterdam, which has since been renamed the Willem de Kooning Academie. Henry Bowden / Getty Images When he was 21 years old, de Kooning traveled to America as a stowaway on the British freighter Shelley. Its destination was Buenos Aires, Argentina, but de Kooning left the ship when it docked in Newport News, Virginia. He found his way north toward New York City and temporarily lived at the Dutch Seamens Home in Hoboken, New Jersey. A short time later, in 1927, Willem de Kooning opened his first studio in Manhattan and supported his art with outside employment in commercial art such as store window designs and advertising. In 1928, he joined an artists colony in Woodstock, New York, and met some of the top modernist painters of the era, including Arshile Gorky. Leader of Abstract Expressionism In the mid-1940s, Willem de Kooning began working on a series of black and white abstract paintings because he could not afford the expensive pigments needed for working in color. They were the majority of his first solo show at the Charles Egan Gallery in 1948. By the end of the decade, considered one of Manhattans top rising artists, de Kooning began adding color to his work. Willem De Koonings Untitled XXI (est $25-35m) from the collection of A. Alfred Taubman is displayed as part of the Frieze week exhibition at Sothebys on October 10, 2015 in London, England. Tristan Fewings / Getty Images The painting Woman I, which de Kooning began in 1950, completed in 1952, and exhibited at the Sidney Janis Gallery in 1953, became his breakthrough work. New Yorks Museum of Modern Art purchased the piece which confirmed his reputation. As de Kooning became considered a leader of the abstract expressionist movement, his style was distinctive through the fact that he never wholly abandoned representation by making women one of his most common subjects. A member of staff poses next to paintings by Dutch American artist Willem de Kooning entitled Woman (L), Woman II (C) and Woman as Landscape (R) at the Royal Academy of Arts on September 20, 2016 in London, England. Carl Court / Getty Images Woman III (1953) is celebrated for its depiction of a woman as aggressive and highly erotic. Willem de Kooning painted her as a response to idealized portraits of women in the past. Later observers complained that de Koonings paintings sometimes crossed the border into misogyny. De Kooning had a close personal and professional relationship with Franz Kline. The influence of Klines bold strokes can be seen in much of Willem de Koonings work. Late in the 1950s, de Kooning began work on a series of landscapes executed in his idiosyncratic style. Noted pieces like July 4th (1957) clearly show Klines impact. The influence was not a one-way transaction. During the late 1950s, Kline began adding color to his work perhaps as part of his relationship with de Kooning. Employees pose with Untitled XIX 1982 by Willem De Kooning (estimate $6M - 8M) during a photocall for the Peggy and David Rockefeller art collection at Christies auction house on February 20, 2018 in London, England. Jack Taylor / Getty Images Marriage and Personal Life Willem de Kooning met the young artist Elaine Fried in 1938 and soon took her on as an apprentice. They married in 1943. She became an accomplished abstract expressionist artist in her own right, but her work was often overshadowed by her efforts to promote the work of her husband. They had a stormy marriage with each of them open about having affairs with others. They separated in the late 1950s but never divorced and reunited in 1976, remaining together until Willem de Koonings death in 1997. De Kooning had one child, Lisa, through an affair with Joan Ward after his separation from Elaine. Willem de Kooning with daughter, Lisa. Images Press / Getty Images Later Life and Legacy De Kooning applied his style to the creation of sculptures in the 1970s. Among the most prominent of those is Clamdigger (1976). His late period painting was characterized by bold, brightly-colored abstract work. The designs are simpler than his earlier work. A revelation in the 1990s that de Kooning had suffered from Alzheimers disease for multiple years led some to question his role in the creation of the late-career paintings. Willem de Kooning is remembered for his bold fusion of Cubism, Expressionism, and Surrealism. His work is a bridge between the formal subject concerns of the experiments in abstraction by artists such as Pablo Picasso, and the complete abstraction of an artist like Jackson Pollock. Sources Stevens, Mark, and Annalynn Swan. de Kooning: An American Master. Alfred A. Knopf, 2006.

Odysseus essays

Odysseus essays Imagine yourself in control of fate, the fate of yourself and the fate of your friends. And for everything you do there could be a horrible outcome that affects lives of everyone you know including your own. Now you can see how Odysseus and his crew were not accountable for the misfortune they received. The situations were merely fate. Isaac Newton once stated, For every action there is an equal but opposite reaction, but what is everything was beyond your control and left up to a higher power to decide? The higher power, the gods, for every action there could be a huge reaction. Odysseus and his men had no control due to fate and the gods. When it comes to the fate of your destiny can you handle it, the pressure of knowing what will happen to you? Fate is the dictionary is defined as the force that predestines an inevitable event. Another word for fate could be chance, luck, or even doom. With that in consideration, fate is a possibility of something good or something bad. Odysseus and his men were put in many situations way beyond their control. How can you control chance, how can you stop the future from happening, its impossible to control. Odysseus could not have power over every one of his ship mates, he can help guide them but he is only human and cant do everything. Like when Odysseus warns his men not to eat the forbidden fruit yet they do anyway and he ends up loosing his whole crew. Bearing in mind that Odysseus did do some guilty tasks on his 20-year journey, the gods had overall power. Odysseus was simply a puppet to the gods, if they wanted him to jump he jumped, but dont think that Odysseus wanted to jump. For instance when Odysseus was a Circes he really wanted to leave at first then got used to it and then was forced to leave by Zeus. Another example would be that it was Poseidon who kept Odysseus from getting home for 10 years wondering the open ocean not knowing where he was go...

Human rights in China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Human rights in China - Essay Example The proposed study thus adopts the hermeneutical design of research not only because it promises a high degree of objectivity but also because it is considered the most appropriate methodology for a study of the social sciences. Empirical evidence will be gathered, interpreted and analyzed to disprove or confirm prior conceptions (Schostak, 2002) about the prevalence of human rights abuses in China. Hermeneutics is the art or science of interpretation, which is often used in the interpretation of biblical passages and their applications on day-to-day living. In the same manner, research using the hermeneutical approach describes the practical problem, the processes of data collection and analysis as well as its interpretation and application. When a study asks what something means, the hermeneutically designed research focuses on the entire context within which it happens. Hermeneutics requires that in reading a text, examining a word or phrase will not make sense if the reading does not consider the whole text of which the word or phrase is a part. The â€Å"whole† may be a hospital and the â€Å"part† could be a waterborne or maternity clinic, in which case the relevant study must discuss how the specialized clinic and the hospital as a general treatment center relate to each other. Thus, the proposed research on human rights in China examines how the parts arti culate the whole, and how the whole makes the parts possible and vice versa. The parts here refer to specific instances of human rights violations within China, which will be studied and interpreted according to their place in the overall picture. China is equated with arbitrary detentions, lack of legal safeguards to ensure fair trial, torture and ill-treatment of prisoners, severe restrictions on freedom of expression and association, lack of religious freedom and human rights violations specific to women. This unsavory image of China has been established through the years not only by

Individual Report Style Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Individual Report Style - Assignment Example For this reason, these businesses need to devise viable ways through which they can address all concerns in a sustainable manner. One of the problems that affect current international businesses includes cultural concerns. The ability of the business to survive and thrive after encountering relative challenges is dependent on the manner in which they address these challenges. In essence, successful businesses need to review their structural models and align these to the cultural expectations of the markets that they wish to explore. It is against this background that this paper analyzes cultural differences between the Swedish and UK markets. To enhance coherence, it also underscores the strategic impact that the differences have on the international marketing mix strategy of the film products. The paper begins by providing a comprehensive review of the film product and its performance in this market. As part of the entertainment industry, it is widely agreed that film actually drive s this industry. In the UK market, statistical evidence indicates that film contributes a significant 100 million pounds to the gross domestic product. Although studios generate their revenue from different windows, theatrical window reportedly offers the best opportunities because it sets the pace and establishes standards for home video, television products cable provisions and pay-per-view packages. In addition, successful establishments offers substantial opportunities for merchandising, licensing as well as a host of other entertainment products like books, television shows, and theme park attractions, plays and so forth. Although the film market is relatively volatile, we wish to pursue this field because of the opportunities that it offers. Sweden is a country that offers various opportunities for exploration by the film industry. Its economy is developed and comparatively, the film industry has not been fully established. Market trends indicate that film producers in this co untry assume only 45% of the entertainment market dominance. Yet the industry contributes close to 100 million dollars to its gross domestic product. Market analyses according to Rodgers also indicate that the country has a broad consumer base. Consumer preferences in this regard show positive attitudes and a strong urge to adopt English mannerisms (Brooks, 2008). Therefore, its exploration would probably yield beneficial outcomes. In particular, this investment venture wishes to produce films for the teenagers who seem to be greatly influenced by the English culture. It will enter the market through theatre which has proven to be more productive from the market analyses. As indicated earlier, culture has direct impacts on the behaviours and mannerisms that the consumers adopt. Just like in the United Kingdom, culture influences consumer attitudes and preferences in Sweden too. This is exhibited through various modes that range from language and social values to attitudes and religi ous practices. At this point, it is worth appreciating that the preceding factors are imperatively important because of the direct influence that they have on critical marketing mix elements such as pricing, placement of the product, promotion and the quality of the products. To begin with, language is an important aspect of culture that would have direct effects on the success of this film venture. It aids in communication and is very useful in eliminating inconsistencies