Central banks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

National banks - Essay Example al bank thoroughly enjoys the imposing business model of aggregating the money related base of a state and furthermore it do prints the national cash which capacities and goes about as the state’s lawful delicate. This specific establishment is viewed as autonomous from political mediation however limited guideline by the official and authoritative bodies exists. The national bank appreciates administrative powers over other monetary organizations. This aides in diminishing the hazard that business banks and other money related organizations may enjoy deceitful practices that may adversely influence a nation’s economy. A storehouse establishment is a budgetary organization like business bank, reserve funds bank and credit association that is legally allowed to get stores from its clients and give them business credits. The government vault organizations are constrained by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation in the United States. Store organizations are likewise directed by the national bank in various manners in order to deal with the cash flexibly in the economy. They are likewise committed by the national bank to preserve the hold essential as indicated. The national bank works as a broker, specialist and money related counsel to the administration. As a financier to the administration, it assumes a similar job as a business bank does to its clients. It keeps the records of both the focal government and the state government. It acknowledges installments from the administration and offers transient credits to the legislature. It amasses checks and drafts put in the administration account. It passes on abroad trade capitals to the legislature for taking care of minor unpaid debts or in the acquirement of outside products. As an operator to the administration, it gathers charges and different installments in the interest of the legislature. It likewise raises advances from the open hence overseeing open obligation. The national bank likewise speaks to the legislature in outer budgetary establishments in meetings. It similarly goes about as a

Ontario Teachers Pension Plan Essay Example for Free

Ontario Teachers Pension Plan Essay Ontario Teacher’s Pension Plan Board: Hedging Foreign Currency Exposure Ontario Teacher’s Pension Plan Board: Hedging Foreign Currency Exposure Issue Identification The Ontario Teacher’s Pension Plan (OTPP) is a characterized commitment plan that was made in 1917 to give and regulate an annuity plan for Ontario teachers. Supported by the Ontario Government and the Ontario Teacher’s Federation, the arrangement at present backings 343,000 instructors, previous educators and beneficiaries. The ongoing government choice to dispose of the 30% limitation on outside ventures and the expanded unpredictability in the money advertise has provoked the OTPP Investment Committee to address the accompanying: 1. Regardless of whether to proceed with the International Equity Swap Program 2. Regardless of whether to regulate changes to the Foreign Exchange Hedging Policy Goals and Objectives In request to go to a choice, it is fundamental that any arrangement set forth should line up with the objectives and targets of the store. OTPP is a drawn out reserve resolved to limit hazard, costs and the extra commitments required to finance the arrangement while boosting its profits. OTPP Investment Strategy In the mid 1990’s the OTPP board understood that it was basic to start contributing abroad to broaden hazard and to profit by worldwide chances to accomplish more prominent returns, given the size of the store. In any case, it was not until 1996 that the Foreign Exchange Hedge Program (FX Hedge Program) was executed because of a critical ascent in money presentation. As the reserve confronted expanded outside cash chance, hazard the executives got fundamental and in this way, a supporting arrangement of half of its remote money presentation was presented. Because of the way that OTPP has a constant duty in supporting its beneficiaries, it must open itself to constrained hazard and successfully fence against any sudden changes in its ventures. Thus, a traditionalist approach of supporting half of remote trade introduction was implemented. Furthermore, the International Equity Swap Program (IE Swap Program) was actualized as an answer for the administration limitation of 30% responsibility for speculations. Since most resources were tied up in non-attractive Ontario Debentures, a trade program empowered OTPP to reallocate its benefits. OTPP Performance Evaluation The vital choice to expand past Canada and into worldwide markets has end up being valuable to the OTPP speculation portfolio. It has contributed generous incentive to the store over the multi year time span (1995-2005) by lessening potential misfortunes, since five of the six remote monetary forms acknowledged against the Canadian dollar. For as far back as 15 years, OTPP speculations have additionally reliably beated the benchmark pace of profits, creating a 10-year normal pace of return of 11. 4% and a gross return of $15. billion over benchmark returns. In spite of the portfolio’s negative pace of profits in 2001-2002, it has still delivered impressive speculation development according to the benchmark, showing the quality of OTPP’s venture arrangements in chance administration. Be that as it may, since loan costs have declined by roughly 3% (1990-2004), the estimation of the annuity support has expanded. This has brought about bigger mea sure of installments made to retired people. Moreover, the socioeconomics of the OTPP plan enrollment have changed fundamentally in the course of recent years. The proportion of dynamic individuals per retiree has diminished from 10:1 during the 1970s to the current proportion of 1. 6:1. Additionally, the normal years retirees depend on the benefits have likewise expanded to 29 years. Every one of these variables have applied a lot of weight on the benefits intend to support its financing with commitments from less working instructors. With the outside money showcase being progressively unpredictable, OTPP is concerned in regards to its future capacity to help annuity installments. Choice Criteria The Investment Committee must consider the accompanying models when concluding whether to execute changes to the International Equity Swap Program and Foreign Exchange Hedging Policy: the fund’s presentation to remote trade hazard, exchange costs, and an arrangement of objectives and goals of the reserve. Elective: Although OTPP has performed well previously, the future viewpoint of the annuity plan stays dubious. Subsequently, OTPP has four options in contrast to the future heading of the reserve. OTPP can proceed or cease the IE Swap Program and keep up or modify the current half FX Hedge Policy. Proceed/Discontinue the Swap Program Previously, the trade program was utilized as a way to sidestep the administration limitation on remote speculation. With the guideline being lifted, OTPP needs to now assess whether the trade program stays fundamental. The program has permitted OTPP to reallocate their advantages cost-successfully as it wipes out OTPP’s cost of executing legitimately in remote trade showcase. In addition, since OTPP doesn't pick up responsibility for protections, it has decreased the measure of money required and constrained its hazard by moving the hazard to counter-parties (UBS, Credit Suisse, JP Morgan, and so on ).

College Student Resume Tips for Getting Your Dream Job

College Student Resume Tips for Getting Your Dream Job Looking for a job as a college student can seem daunting. Most job postings are looking for work experience and newspapers are constantly publishing stories on how hard it is to find a job. What chances do you have?Quite many and it all starts by nailing down your job application. In this guide, we’ll give you tips on how to create the perfect resume â€" how to play to your strengths and write a resume capturing the hiring managers attention. FOCUS ON YOUR EDUCATIONThe most important thing to remember is to know what’s your strongest point in terms of creating a resume. As a college student, your strength will be your education.Your focus for the resume should be on presenting your academic background. You need to do this in a way that shows why your education will benefit the employer â€" because a good resume is not really about showing off your skills but showcasing why those skills will benefit the employer.The truth is you probably don’t have a lot of work experience to rely on. If you are a full-time student, your work experience is limited to any part-time or holiday work you might have done. These might not offer you as strong relevancy to the job in question â€" you are probably doing them just to earn some money. However, your education is preparing you for your desired industry. Therefore, your attention needs to be on harnessing your education to benefit your resume.Remember it’s not just about listing t he institution and your degree name. You should also list any relevant courses to the role and the skills you’ve learned in those courses.For example, you might be applying to work as an assistant in an international law firm and mentioning any specific international law courses and assignments can help build your case. You might also do language studies on the side of your degree and you know the office is multilingual â€" mentioning this will immediately boost your resume.Furthermore, it can boost your resume to mention any achievements and academic awards you might have received. Perhaps you’ve been chosen as a mentoring student for new students or the school awarded you for your success during the exam season. These sorts of achievements are worth mentioning in the resume â€" they will highlight your transferable skills.Here’s an example of a good education section:EDUCATIONBachelor of Arts State University, City, State Current GPA 3.95 Expected date of graduation July 202 0Relevant coursework: Intro to Graphic Design, AP Art, Computer ApplicationsHonours: Member of the National Art Education AssociationClubs: State Newspaper, French Language ClubUSE A CAREER OBJECTIVE OR A QUALIFICATIONS SUMMARYAside from focusing your efforts on showcasing your skills and qualifications through the education section, you should also consider another element. A career objective or a qualifications summary is a great addition to a college resume.Either of these below sections can be added right at the top of the resume. They are supposed to capture the hiring managers attention to ensure they read it further â€" you want to pay a lot of attention to getting them right.A career objectiveA career objective helps to outline where you see your career going and how the job you’re applying for relates to this goal. It’s three to four sentences and often follows a structure that:First introduces your degree and a strong example of a specific experience that’s relevant to the job.Then gives a summary of your strongest skills that would make you the perfect person for the role.Concludes with an illustration of your value to the organization based on your skills and experience.CAREER OBJECTIVEMotivated Politics student who demonstrates strong work ethic and logical thinking. Seeking to apply political writing skills and creative drive as a summer intern at ZYX. Will leverage proven experience as a competent writer and researcher to contribute to the goals of publishing a leading political blog.A qualifications summaryOn the other hand, a qualifications summary will help you outline your strongest qualities and skills with the job in mind. It’s a list of five to six of your most important and impressive achievements â€" relevant to the role, of course!The achievements you outline in the section must be relevant to the role and highlight skills that show your fit to the role. Here’s an example of a good college student qualifications summary:QUALI FICATIONS SUMMARYAchieved the highest mark of 90% with each of my Content Marketing courseworkChosen as the President of the Politics society to represent the group at the university boardVolunteered with Save the Children to deliver $3,000 worth of goods to children over ChristmasCreated the University’s newspapers advertising campaign that led to 20% increase in salesInterned at XYZ, learning about the changing face of social media marketingINCLUDE EXTRACURRICULAR ACTIVITIESAside from talking about your grades and your courses, you should also leave room for mentioning extracurricular activities. These can be a great way to add depth to your resume when you lack work experience.College students are often involved in clubs and societies (if you’re not, they are a great way to learn new skills!). You might be part of the debating society or belong to the college football club. Being a member, and especially if you are an active and involved member, will help you present a new se t of skills to the employer.You can talk about strong transferable skills such as organisational skills, having been part of creating a massive event for your Spanish society, for example. You might be able to mention your improved communication skills that you’ve developed participating in the drama society. There are many ways you can put your involvement in clubs and societies to good use.Of course, not all things have to be university-related. You might have hobbies outside of the school and these are also worth mentioning. Furthermore, you might have volunteered in the past or you are volunteering right now. That’s another great opportunity for talking about relevant skills.Again, volunteering can teach you skills like communication, leadership, teamwork, detail-orientation, and so on. Not to mention how you might have gained actual industry experience. If you are applying for posts involving animals, it can help to have volunteered at an animal shelter and so on.The key is to include extracurricular activities, which are relevant to the role you are applying for. You want to highlight activities, which the employer might find beneficial in terms of doing the job â€" you need to understand what the employer is looking for in order to include the activities that’ll bolster your chances of landing that role.THINK ABOUT TRANSFERABLE SKILLSThroughout the post, you’ve probably noticed the word ‘transferable skills’ popping up. Since you’re probably missing relevant job experience, you need to focus on showcasing transferable skills to the potential employer. These are those skills that help in the role but which you’ve gained through something not directly related to the actual job.You want to focus on talking about these skills rather than highlighting the roles in which you gained them. If you are applying to become a marketing assistant and the employer is looking for a candidate with strong customer service skills, you can talk about gainin g those while working at an ice cream parlour. The focus is not on your job as the ice cream seller but the communication skills you used as part of your role.Essentially, you want to include a Relevant Skills section rather than necessarily creating Job History section. Your job titles might be irrelevant but the skills you’ve gained are extremely handy. Even when you end up listing your jobs under the Job Experience section, you need to avoid mentioning tasks that have no relevance to the job you’re applying for.For example, following the above example, you wouldn’t need to talk about how you cleaned the parlour every day or waited tables â€" these tasks wouldn’t be what the employer is looking for. On the other hand, you could mention how you used customer service skills, communicated offers to consumers and managed other employees, for example.One transferable skill you definitely want to include on your college resume is leadership. Employers are always looking for stro ng leaders â€" those who can make the rest of the group follow their vision. It’s important to highlight your ability to take the initiative and to lead, even when you haven’t been on the career ladder for years.If you’ve led a team, helped your peers perform better or taken charge of a troublesome situation, you should mention it in your resume. It creates an impression of a person who is willing and able to take responsibility. Any potential employer would appreciate this quality even if you lack job experience.Overall, it’s extremely important to stay active during your studies in order to gain these transferable skills. You should consider part-time jobs, volunteering and becoming a member of different clubs and societies. Teach give valuable experience without hindering your ability to study full-time.QUANTIFY YOUR ACHIEVEMENTSWhenever you are mentioning achievements and past experience, you should quantify those things. Numbers make a stronger point â€" they can show t he actual impact of your action much better because of the detail. You tell exactly what your actions did and you showcase in detail how, what, and when you did.For example, consider the following two statements:“Volunteered for Children in Need, raising money for clean water initiative.”“Volunteered for Children in Need, raising $3,000 for clean water initiative in three weeks.”The achievement is the same but the latter example gives more context â€" you get a much clearer idea of the achievement. It even sounds more impressive!How do you quantify your achievements? College students can, essentially, quantify their resumes in four different ways. Here’s a look at each with examples:MONETARY AMOUNTSIf you can mention money, then do it. If you know the worth of things you sold, the account size you were managing, or the money you raised, you should always include it.“Helped the Debating Society raise $5,000 to buy school books to an orphanage in Kenya.”DURATION OF TIME Introducing a timeline of events also adds more detail and clarity to your resume. It can even make your actions seem highly effective. When possible, add dates and duration.“Launched a new social media campaign for the Law Department in two weeks, a week ahead of time.”PERCENTAGES AND PROPORTIONSYou should also include percentages and proportions on your resume. It can provide the hiring manager with a lot more context.“Achieved top grades in first year exams, being at the top 2% for that year.”GRADES If you have achieved top grades it can be beneficial to mention them.“80% mark from the philosophy essays.”OPTIMIZE WITH KEYWORDSJob applications these days are mainly sent digitally. This has introduced a thing called the Applicant Tracking System (ATS) to the mix. The system digitally scans your resume with pre-determined keywords in mind and either approves or rejects your resume based on this.The employer would have set the required keywords (skills and qualifications relevant to the job, for example) and the algorithm examines how well your resume matches these. The idea is for the employer to reduce the number of resumes the hiring managers will have to go through â€" it saves time and money. As an applicant, you need to be aware of this to ensure your resume doesn’t get the boot.How to prepare your resume with this in mind? Here are the steps to follow:Read the job posting carefully â€" Underline the keywords in terms of skills, qualifications and knowledge.Check the company website â€" Conduct a wider search by examining the company culture and keywords related to that.Consider similar variations of the word â€" If the employer lists the knowledge of Application Programming Interface as a requirement, you should also consider using the acronym API when listing your skills, for example.Keep an eye on the industry â€" Check a bit what keywords competitors might be using and don’t forget to include big industry buzzwords.Now, you might be wo ndering how any of this applies to situations where you are just uploading your resume to an online job portal. Although you aren’t targeting a specific job posting, you should still write the resume with a specific job in mind. You need to have some kind of idea the kind of roles you are targeting and the industry you want to work in.Keywords in industries and same job positions are rather similar even when the potential employers are different. Therefore, simply glancing at past job postings of the kinds of jobs you’d want and checking out your ideal employer’s website will help you get a sense of the keywords you should use. Industry buzzwords are also going to be beneficial!While you need to include keywords and take advantage of them, you don’t want to go crazy. Spamming keywords for the sake of it won’t help and you might even be penalized. There are two key rules to remember:The language you use must be natural. Don’t spam keywords in a row or use incoherent sente nces.Make sure to use keywords when they actually match your skills. You should never lie on your resume â€" if you don’t know a skill and it’s a keyword, don’t add it simply for the sake of using the keyword.EMPHASIZE SKILLS WITH ACTION VERBSYour resume should always use action verbs. Action verbs describe the action you took and which led to a specific result. It immediately tells the reader what happened and how it happened â€" it shows motion and impact, two things hiring managers want to see on a resume.Michigan State University has compiled a great list of hundreds of action verbs. You can check out some powerful action words  on the website for more.The key to using action verbs to highlight your skills is to construct the sentences correctly. Use a bullet point list to maintain structure and to keep things concise. Start each sentence with an action word. This will immediately kick the reader’s mind into action and they start thinking about the intention and the situ ation. Here’s an example of using action verbs the correct way:Instead of saying, “Was part of Football Clubs weekly board meetings to take notes” and showing no action, intent or impact,You should say, “Managed the minutes of the meeting every week for Football Club” and immediately show your skills.Remember the key to a successful resume? It’s showing the employer how you can benefit the organization. Therefore, you don’t want to just list skills and qualifications. You want to show motion and results â€" you want to show how your ability to take action has led to good things in the past and will lead good things in the future if you’re hired.Remember to select your action words based on the keyword research!USE A TEMPLATE TO GUIDE YOUR WRITINGWhen it comes to putting it all together in the form of a dazzling resume, you should consider using a template. If you’ve never written a resume before, online templates can guide your writing and help you to better unders tand how to format and structure the above tips. Online templates can help with the mundane elements such as which font is the best for resumes and what length should the resume be.You can find plenty of online templates to help with your resume writing. Here are a few sites worth looking into:Monster.comResumecompanion.comTheBalance.comCleverism.comHowever, you need to remember resume templates are just a template and guidance to help you write the best possible resume. You should never copy a format directly or use example sentences taken off the Internet. Your resume should be tailored to the specific position in question. Make sure you highlight your strengths â€" you don’t want to add Skills section higher than Education if your academic background is the strong suit.DON’T FORGET TO PROOFREADNo matter how great the content of your resume, you can’t impress the hiring manager if you don’t know how to spell. Grammar mistakes are never acceptable and you will be penalized against them â€" there’s no free pass on this.What does it say about you as a candidate if you can’t spell? Bad language shows lack of communication skills and attention to detail. It also shows disrespect and lack of passion to get the role â€" if you didn’t bother proofreading the resume, then what else will you be lazy about?Always proofread the resume before sending. Here are a few tips for proofreading:After you’re done, take a 15-minute break from writing and do something different to clear your mind. Get back and proofread the resume.Change the font style and size just for proofreading to trick your mind into reading something ‘fresh’.Print out the resume to make spotting errors easier.Read the resume out loud.Ask a friend or a fellow student read it for you. You might even get help from your college career centre so check them out.THE KEY TAKEAWAY FROM THE POSTWriting a resume as a college student might seem difficult because you haven’t gained valuable work ex perience. However, you still have a lot to offer to potential employers and by focusing on your strengths, you can create a resume that lands you that job interview.The key is to highlight your education â€" boast about good grades and coursework that’s relevant to the role. Include as many extracurricular activities as you can and pay attention to transferable skills. You need to know what the employer is looking for to do just that. So find those all-important keywords and use a template that plays to your strengths.

Effects Of The Internet On Society - 1767 Words

The world wide web, otherwise called the internet, came about in the 1960s and was primarily used for researchers and academia. But since the 1990s, the internet has had that revolutionary effect on the culture and commerce in our society. This includes communication by email, instant messaging, and internet phone calls. In addition, there is also the world wide web with discussion forums, social networking sites, and online shopping sites, which people, despite their generational differences, utilize to their own benefit. However, these are the icing on the internet cake. Now, the internet, since its inception remains one of the world s most revolutionary piece of technology. Despite its positives, there are many negatives and the†¦show more content†¦Many parents can attest to these accusations since they are a primary source in their children’s behaviors. The internet is an addition. Consequently, the average millennial spends at least 20 hours a week on the intern et. Surfing sites and most popular ones are online dating, online gaming, and social networking sites. A study conducted by the ICMPA in which they â€Å"asked 200 students at the College Park campus to give up all media for 24 hours†(Int. Center for Media and the Public Agenda). After their abstinence, they were to blog on a website explaining their experiences. The results were unexpected. As a result, students complained mostly about â€Å"losing their personal connections†¦ [such as] lack of access to text messaging, phone calling, instant messaging, email, and Facebook† (ICMPA). These students, despite their suffering, will rather crumble in boredom than meet their friends who live close by or within their dorm building. Continuing the world without their media entertainment meant continuing without their connections to their loved ones. Additionally, extensive use of social media is directly correlated with loneliness. According to Appel, â€Å"moderated re gression analyses showed that Internet-related communication quality.... Was associated with more loneliness (Appel). Adolescence nowadays associates their self worth with numerical values. In reality, the amount of followers one has, the amount of likes, and the amount of shares defines one’s socialShow MoreRelatedThe Internet And Its Effect On Society1553 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract This research paper is about the Internet. I choose to write a Qualitative essay because the Internet has a myriad of information to speak on. Moreover, using the Qualitative research method over the Quantitative research gave me a chance to become more knowledgeable in exactly what I was writing on. It also gave me a chance to understand and become more aware of the topic to write a great essay. Additionally, when I looked at the numerical data from the Quantitative research the informationRead MoreThe Internet And Its Effect On Society1540 Words   |  7 Pagesare living in a world where the Internet has become an integral part of our everyday life. Everything is at our fingertips through the Internet: school, work, business, personal, and so forth; that our society has made its usage almost mandatory. It has made everything easier and people today cannot even imagine how their lives would be without this genre of technologies. But, we cannot expect that something as useful as the Internet will not have adversely effects in people. However, in this technologicalRead MoreThe Internet And Its Effect On Society1590 Words   |  7 PagesPoint in case, the Internet is an aspect of the 21st century that had no place in previous generations, yet occupies a percentage of time nowadays. The Internet has many positive features, yet numerous, less known harmful effects on society, affecting different age groups and parts of the population in different ways. The Internet is predominantly a catalyst for communication; communication that would otherwise have been extremely difficult or impossible to initiate. The Internet helps people stayRead MoreThe Internet And Its Effect On Society Essay1200 Words   |  5 Pagesuniversal PC s net known as Internet . Internet is essential need of young time today; youth can get by without sustenance yet can t make due without web. Above all else, Internet gives access to a considerable measure of data. Some of them are exceptionally valuable in your employment different aides in your pastime. At first web was not so conspicuous but instead after advancement in adaptable development web has wound up crucial need of people in worldwide. 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However, this type of power co mes with a great responsibility of its own. Nowadays, the internet has become a way to target those who are gullible or those who have limited knowledge of it. The internet now has had an especially big impact when it comes to children and sexual predatorsRead MoreThe Internet And Its Effect On Society1371 Words   |  6 PagesThe introduction of the Internet to society resulted in the opportunity for people to produce, consume and share creative content. This culture of online production and consumption is bound to copyright and fair use laws. While these laws have the capacity to protect an individual’s ownership of intellectual property and creative content, they are not conducive to a vibrant culture of creativity. The Internet and its evolution of search engine engagement has cultivated an online community that can

My Parents Made By The Grace Of God - 1211 Words

On July 25th 2014, my parents made the life changing decision to leave a life of struggle in Haiti for a promise of hope and a better future for our family. I had never experienced that type of challenge in my life before with having to move to a new country that none of us knew anything about, learn a new language that seemed extremely difficult, and live in a new culture. It was tough, difficult, and scary, but I adapted so that I could fit in this unfamiliar way of life. Everyone was amazed at how quickly I adapted; my parents, teacher, and friends. They often asked how I made it through so fast and what was my strategy. I was even amazed myself because I could never imagine it happening this way, but I believe that it was by the grace of God . As a young woman, I had a lot of experiences that made me stronger and the person that I am today. It was tough, but luckily my parents were there to support me and help me make it through. We knew that this traverse was not for pleasure but was in search of only one thing - a better education. Despite the conditions of our home country, my parents always told me that education was first and the most important thing that we could ever focus on. They told us that if they died education was the only thing that they could leave me with. So despite not having much opportunity, I always knew how important it was for me to focus on this one goal in life. So every day I am grateful that my parents instilled in me the rules of life andShow MoreRelatedMy Personal Experience And Understanding Of God1722 Words   |  7 PagesMy personal experience and understanding of God has resulted from what God has revealed to me. F. Belton Joyner, Jr. says, What we know about God is what God has revealed to us. Over the course of my life God has been revealed to me through God s love and grace. When I was twelve years old, I accepted Jesus Christ as Lord and Savior of my life. 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At that moment, I knew singing was a passion of mine and music became food to my soulRead MoreThe Divine Command Theory : An Ethical Theory1217 Words   |  5 Pagesgood, if God commands it - and, by extension, if God forbids an action, it is immoral. I was raised with the teachings of the Bible being used to show me the separation between right and wrong – between God’s will and man’s sinful desires. I always accepted that my sense of morality was set on the bedrock of the holy Scriptures – the Ten Commandments, the teachings of Jesus, the epistles in the New Testament and more. At first pass, when I learned of the Divine Command Theory, it made sense to meRead MoreRoman Catholic Essay652 Words   |  3 Pagesresearcher would like to thank God firstly for giving him the strength to complete this project. A big share of gratitude is given to my teacher for helping me to choose such a comfortable topic. The researcher’s parents is also to be thanked for their motivation and strong support. INTRODUCTION The Roman Catholic denomination falls under the religion of Christianity. Roman Catholics find the use of blessing very important, because they think that it is asking God to bring grace upon the person, placeRead MoreMy Family : A Christian Family1463 Words   |  6 Pagesan Evangelical one. At first, my family was Catholic however, in the year 2000 we converted to Evangelical. The mom of one of my friends in preschool invited my parents to her church’s anniversary and that is when everything changed for my family. Back then, I was a 6 year old child who did not have an understand of what was happening; all I can remember is my parents taking me and my sisters to the church every Sunday. By seeing old pictures, it is noticeable how my family changed completely afterRead MoreEarly Christian Reader By Athanasius About St. Antony846 Words   |  4 Pagesaway to Ireland by slave-traders because he turned away from God where he escaped and later served as the Bishop of Ireland for many years. Each of them, like many people today, had to go through struggles and temptations before truly experiencing the presence of God. St. Antony grew up going to church and learning the bible merely for the pleasure and obedience of his parents, not for his own interest. After the death of his parents what Antony heard from the gospel led him to becoming a priest;Read More Cloning: Is It Ethical? Essay1574 Words   |  7 Pagesa natural process. If couples are infertile, why shouldn’t they be able to produce clones of themselves? If a couple lost a child, why shouldn’t they be able to replace that loved individual with a clone if that is possible? Equally if someone has made a great contribution to science, music, the arts or literature, it seems like a good idea to produce more of them in the hope that we might benefit even more from what would effectively be a much longer working life. What is more, cloning a child couldRead MoreContemporary Perspectives On Human Sexuality Essay1334 Words   |  6 Pagesin the psychology and counseling field. The word â€Å"authentic† is often defined as something that is real and genuine. An authentic view of sexuality should be in accordance to God’s view on sexuality. God reiterates in several sections of the Bible that humans are beautifully and wonderfully made in His image (Psalms 139:14, ESV). Humans have been created in God’s image. When one is able to recognize that we, humans, are created in God’s image, viewing sexuality in everyday life is seen through

Music, Race, and Nation Free Essays

Peter Wade’s Music, Race, and Nation is a book that takes a long look at something that the author clearly has a passion for. Not only does Wade have a clear and honest passion for the cultures of South America, but it is clear through his writing that Wade has spent plenty of time researching the things that he writes about. In the book, Wade’s primary goal is to shed a fun and interesting light on the cultural dances which are such a part of the culture in places like Colombia. We will write a custom essay sample on Music, Race, and Nation or any similar topic only for you Order Now After reading the work, it would seem foolish for anyone to argue that Wade did not achieve his stated objectives, as he clearly hits the mark with both his message and the overall presentation of that message to the reader. The basic themes presented in this book are a bit heavier than one might expect when they pick it up, but after reading, one can clearly understand why they were included. In Colombia, the music is a huge part of the cultural fabric there. In a nation that has long been dominated by white people and their overbearing culture, a mostly African dance takes hold and becomes a staple of the country. In order to truly understand the social dynamic that exists in Colombia, one has to understand the interesting dynamic presented with the relationship between the music and the people who enjoy it. Wade seems to understand the importance of this theme and because of his understanding; he does everything within his power to impart that knowledge to those who read the book. The presentation of this theme is somewhat different when compared to other works, but in the context of his objectives, the presentation certainly works. Before Wade gets started with the deeper and more complicated themes in his book, he makes sure that the reader has a strong grasp on the history of the subject at hand. Because the majority of people reading his book do not have a firm understanding of the basic pretenses on which it was written, Wade had to give those readers a crash course, or else they would be lost. In this regard, he succeeds beautifully. The organizational tactics used in this work give the reader a chance, while other books with similar themes might preclude those people who do not already have a basic understanding of Colombian culture. From that history, Wade does not just jump to his next theme. As any good author would, he builds upon the history that he has established in order to show how the music and dancing is interwoven into the country’s history. This is a very interesting way to present a thesis to readers and in this case, it is an effective means to the stated end. In this work, Peter Wade sticks to the point and never deviates from that. This is a fine line to walk when it comes to presenting a book with some history involved. Authors want to include enough information so that their readers can understand, but they do not want to include so much information that the readers feel like they are taking another history class. Wade walks this fine line and never falls over into the dreaded scholastic feel with this work. He gives the reader exactly what he or she needs and he does not do it with much fluff. The styling of the writing is simplistic enough to stay on point, yet it flows with enough grace to be easily readable. In short, Wade hit a home run with his diction and style. His writing is almost like the dance that it is describing. When one considers this book’s overall contribution to the topic that it addresses, it is easy to see why the book has been so successful. Though a few books have been written about South American music and South American culture, few have done it with this much passion. When the author cares about the subject matter contained in the book, that comes out through the writing. After flipping only a few pages, readers can tell that they are reading a work by an author that has a deep, profound understanding of Colombian culture. In addition, this book speaks to the importance of the Colombian music in the development of the culture of that country. This is an important theme that absolutely must be captured if individuals want to fully grasp the culture of Colombia. In regards to impact, it sheds a positive light on something that people did not know very much about. It brings to the forefront a brand of music that helped create a nation and helped create a culture that is often misunderstood. The work is a good one for a number of reasons. No book can be considered perfect, but this one is perfect in that it achieves its set objectives. When writers like Wade pour their heart and soul into the research of a subject, the resulting work bares that out. Music, Race, and Nation is one of those works. Â   How to cite Music, Race, and Nation, Essay examples

Middlesex Review Essay Example

Middlesex Review Paper Essay on Middlesex It is worth noting that there are several meanings that meet the combination of human person (It is understood by all the laws of logic, that there are still some nechelovechskaya alien, for example let): 1) the one that is certified by a formal, for example, dokumet passport identification. In this case it is rather just an individual, which may be, but may not be a person in another sense, 2) in the sense aggregate of social relationships that it contains, rather this: Personality more significant than fuller and broader represented therein in its affairs, in her words, in deeds to a l l e a t and n o -. in a e a b u and me, and not purely individual its uniqueness The uniqueness of the true identity lies precisely in the fact that in its own way it reveals something about _n in about e__ d l ya__v with Laughter, better than others, and others more fully expressing the essence of all e rugih people pushing their business scope cash opportunities opening up for all the things that they do not know, do not know how, do not understand. From this second point of view of individual uniqueness can be abundantly represented in such trifles, that by and large there is nothing interesting, except a reason to make a noise, pokichitsya it as a value in itself. Thats whats important to understand when reading about the unusual exceptional cases in the life of individuals, does that make the person or the other way around in a circle closes forever trivia, isolating from the public interest. Sometimes its just an excuse, but often the goal itself. I am afraid that it vdannom case of bad exclusivity of the rules.

A world of intoxification essays

A world of intoxification essays Screams pierced the midnight air and students ran wildly about the campus. Police cars whizzed by with their sirens blaring in the night. Glass was being broken and girls were being defiled. Confusion was all around and no one could stop it. This is an average night at any given university in America. The similarities between a horror story and a story about a college party are too many. At an average college party where alcohol is being served there is the possibility of fights, rape, death, destruction, and jail time. The common opinion in America is that all of these things are bad. So why do college students continue to engage in these activities? There are three reasons. First, if students have not been exposed to alcohol or drugs previously, when they get into that kind of environment, they will experiment. Secondly, if everyone else who is important, i.e. fraternities and sororities, does it, then to be important, you must drink. Finally, without parent instilling morals and good judgment into their children, the students do not think that it is wrong to participate in these activities. All in all, the biggest problem on college campuses is the consumption of alcohol and drugs. If a person was never exposed to the heat of a flame their whole life, and then was thrown into a family barbeque, where they asked this person to cook, how well would they do? They would probably put too much lighter fluid in the grill. Or, they would light the grill while looking at it to see what it did. Or, they would light the grill and then put their hand on it to see what it felt like. All of these things would cause extreme pain to the person who did this. But, would it be their fault? Would it be their fault that they didnt know how combustible lighter fluid was? It wouldnt be their fault if they put t ...

SAT Essay Tips 15 Ways to Improve Your Score

SAT Essay Tips 15 Ways to Improve Your Score SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Whether you've never written an SAT Essay or didn't get the score you wanted on your last test, you can benefit from knowing more: both about the essay itself, and what really matters when the graders are reading your essay. To introduce you to what you'll have to do, we've gathered up these 15 tips to master the SAT essay. If you can reliably follow all these points, you'll be able to get at least a 6/6/6 on the SAT essay- guaranteed. The Challenge The SAT Essay is a very short assignment. You only get 50 minutes to read a 650-750 word passage, analyze the devices the author uses to structure her/his argument, and write a full-fledged essay- and it can pass in a flash if you don't have a method for attacking it. Writing an SAT essay requires a very specific approach that's unlike the essays you've been writing for English class in school. The goal of this strategy is to cram in as many as possible of the desired components in the 50 minutes you've got. In this article, we give you 15 key tips for the SAT essay. The first five tips in this article relate to what the College Board tells us about what's a good essay. The next five are truths that the College Board doesn't want you to know (or doesn’t make explicit). And the last five tips for SAT essay writing show you how to build an SAT essay, step by step. What the College Board Does Tell You: 5 Tips The College Board explains the main components of the successful SAT Essay in its scoring criteria. Here they are, condensed: #1: Give a Clear Thesis The SAT essay rubric states: "The response includes a precise central claim.† What this means is that your essay needs to make a clear argument that the reader can easily identify.All you have to do to create your "precise central claim" is to identify the main idea of the passage andlistthe methods the author uses to support it. Fortunately, the SAT provides you with the passage’s main idea, so you don’t have to go hunting for it yourself. I've bolded the claim in this (fake) sample prompt so you can see this for yourself: Write an essay in which you explain how Sam Lindsay builds an argument to persuade her audience that more works of art should feature monsters. In your essay, analyze how Lindsay uses one or more of the features listed in the box above (or features of your own choice) to strengthen the logic and persuasiveness of her argument. Be sure that your analysis focuses on the most relevant features of the passage. Your essay should not explain whether you agree with Lindsay’s claims, but rather explain how Lindsay builds an argument to persuade her audience. Now, here's an example of a thesis statement for an essay responding to this prompt: In the article â€Å"Monsters Monsters Everywhere,† Sam Lindsay uses personal anecdotes, vivid language, and appeals to emotion to persuade her audience that more works of art should feature monsters. It's fine to copy the exact words describing the author’s central claim from the prompt into your thesis statement- in fact, this guarantees that the graders will see that your thesis is there and on-topic. #2: Include Both an Introduction and a Conclusion The SAT essay rubric states: "The response includes a skillful introduction and conclusion.† Including an introduction paragraph in your essay is absolutely essential to getting a Writing score above a 4 (out of 8). The introduction paragraph introduces the reader to what you’ll be talking about and allows you to set up the structure for the rest of the essay. Plus, an introduction can be a pretty good indicator of the quality for the rest of the essay- a poorly constructed introduction is often a warning that the essay that follows will be equally discombobulated. It's best to have both an introduction and a conclusion, but if you’re running short on time and can only have one, definitely pick the introduction. The main reason for this is that a good introduction includes your thesis statement. For the SAT essay, your thesis (or your "precise central claim") should be a statement about what devices the author uses to build her/his argument. Introductions can be tricky to write, because whatever you write in that paragraph can then make you feel like you’re locked into writing just about that. If you’re struggling with the introduction paragraph, leave yourself 10 blank lines at the beginning of the essay and jump into writing your body paragraphs. Just make sure you remember to go back and write in your introduction before time’s up! #3: Use Effective Language and Word Choice There are a couple of parts of the Writing score section on the SAT essay rubric that pertain directly to style. The SAT essay rubric states this about a perfect-Writing-score essay: "The response is cohesive and demonstrates a highly effective use and command of language." For most of us, "command of language" is an area that takes a long time to develop, so unless your language skills are really rough or you're prepping at least a year ahead of time (or both), you'll probably get more out of focusing on the other components of the essay. The SAT essay rubric also states: â€Å"The response has a wide variety in sentence structures. The response demonstrates a consistent use of precise word choice. The response maintains a formal style and objective tone.† This basically boils down to: don't be repetitive and don't make grammar mistakes. In addition, you should avoid using first person statements like "I" or "My" in the essay, along with any other informality. You're writing the equivalent of a school paper, not an opinion piece. Bad (Too informal): â€Å"I think that Sam’s super persuasive in this article causeshe’s just so passionate. It made me feel kinda bad that I don’t really monster it up in my everyday life.† Good (Formal): â€Å"Lindsay’s passionate defense of how drawing monsters 'allows us to laugh at our personal foibles' causes her audience to put themselves in her shoes and empathize with her position.† Finally, try to use different words to describe the same idea- don't use "shows" 15 times. Take the chance to show off your vocabulary (if, and only if, the vocabulary is appropriate and makes sense). This component is the biggest reason why revising your SAT Essay is essential- it's fast and easy to change repeated words to other ones after you're finished, but it can slow you down during writing to worry about your word choice. If you're aiming for a top score, using advanced vocabulary appropriately is vital. #4: Only Use Information From the Passage All the relevant information is in the passage, so avoid getting drawn into the topic and using your outside knowledge- you want to be sure to show that you’ve read the passage. In real life, there are many ways to support a thesis, depending on the topic. But on the SAT, there's one kind of correct support: specific details drawn from the passage you’re asked to analyze. We'll show you more below. #5: Focus Your Essay on Relevant Details You don’t have to mention every single detail that makes the argument effective. In fact, your essay will be more coherent and more likely to score higher in Analysis if you focus your discussion on just a few points. It's more important to show that you're able to pick out the most important parts of the argument and explain their function that it is to be able to identify every single persuasive device the author used. Think about it as if you were asked to write a 50-minute essay describing the human face and what each part does. A clear essay would just focus on major features- eyes, nose, and mouth. A less effective essay might also try to discuss cheekbones, eyebrows, eyelashes, skin pores, chin clefts, and dimples as well. While all of these things are part of the face, it would be hard to get into detail about each of the parts in just 50 minutes. "The New Dance Craze."  ©2015-2016 by Samantha Lindsay. Used with permission. And this is the eye, and this is the other eye, and this is the...other eye...and the other eye...and the other...wait...what's going on here? What the College Board Doesn’t Tell You: 5 Secrets Even though the SAT essay has clearly stated, publicly-available guidelines, there are a few secrets to writing the essay that most students don't know and that can give you a major advantage on the test. #1: Read the Prompt Before the Passage Why? Because the prompt includes the description of the author’s claim. Knowing what the author’s claim is going into the article can help keep you focused on the argument, rather than getting caught up in reading the passage (especially if the topic is one you're interested in). #2: Your Facts Must Be Accurate†¦But Your Interpretation Doesn’t Have to Be A big part of the Analysis score for the SAT essay is not just identifying the devices the author uses to build her argument, but explaining the effect that the use of these devices has on the reader. You don’t have to be completely, 100% accurate about the effect the passage has on the reader, because there is no one right answer. As long as you are convincing in your explanation and cite specific examples, you’ll be good. Here's an example of an interpretation about what effect a persuasive device has on the reader (backed by evidence from the passage): Lindsay appeals to the emotions of her readers by describing the forlorn, many-eyed creatures that stare reproachfully at her from old school notebook margins. The sympathy the readers feel for these forgotten doodles is expertly transferred to Lindsay herself when she draws the connection between the drawn monsters and her own life: â€Å"Often, I feel like one of these monsters- hidden away in my studio, brushes yearning to create what no one else cares to see.† Now, you don't necessarily know for sure if "sympathy for the doodles" is what the author was going for in her passage. The SAT essay graders probably don't know either (unless one of them wrote the passage). But as long as you can make a solid case for your interpretation, using facts and quotes from the passage to back it up, you'll be good. #3: You Should Write More Than One Page This has always been true for the SAT essay, but for the first time ever, the College Board actually came out in The Official SAT Study Guide and explicitly said that length really does matter. Here's the description of a one-paragraph, 120-word-long student response that received a Writing score of 2/8 (bolding mine). â€Å"Due to the brief nature of the response, there is not enough evidence of writing ability to merit a score higher than 1. Overall, this response demonstrates inadequate writing.† (source: The Official SAT Study Guide, p. 176) You’ll have one page for (ungraded) scrap paper that you can use to plan out your essay, and four pages of writing paper for the essay- plan on writing at least two pages for your essay. #4: Be Objective When Reading the Passage Being able to stay detached while reading the passage you'll be writing the essay about can be tricky. This task might be especially difficult for students who were used to the old SAT essay (which pretty much made it mandatory for you to choose one side or the other). You’ll have to practice reading persuasive essays and gaining objectivity (so that you are able to write about how the argument is constructed, not whether it’s good or bad). A good way to practice this is to read news articles on topics you care deeply about by people who hold the opposite view that you do. For instance, as a composer and violist/violinist, I might read articles about how children should not be encouraged to play musical instruments, since it holds no practical value later on in life (a view I disagree with vehemently). I would then work on my objectivity by jotting down the central ideas, most important details, and how these details relate to the central ideas of the article. Being able to understand the central ideas in the passage and details without being sidetracked by rage (or other emotions) is key to writing an effective SAT essay. "Always Wear a Helmet."  ©2015-2016 by Samantha Lindsay. Used with permission. Don't let the monster of rage distract you from your purpose. #5: Memorize and Identify Specific Persuasive Techniques Once you’re able to read articles objectively (as discussed in point #4 above), the next step is to be able to break down the essay passage's argument. To do this successfully, you'll need to be aware of some of the techniques that are frequently used to build arguments. The SAT essay prompt does mention a few of these techniques (bolding mine): As you read the passage below, consider how Lindsay uses evidence, such as facts or examples, to support claims. reasoning to develop ideas and to connect claims and evidence. stylistic or persuasive elements, such as word choice or appeals to emotion, to add power to the ideas expressed. It’s certainly possible to wing it and go into the test without knowing specific names of particular persuasive devices and just organically build up your essay from features you notice in the article. However, it's way easier to go into the essay knowing certain techniques that you can then scan the passage for. For instance, after noting the central ideas and important details in the article about how more works of art should feature monsters, I would then work on analyzing the way the author built her argument. Does she use statistics in the article? Personal anecdotes? Appeal to emotion? I discuss the top persuasive devices you should know in more detail in the article "6 SAT Essay Examples to Answer Every Prompt". How to Get All the Necessary Components in 50 Minutes: 5 Step-By-Step Strategies When you write an SAT essay, you only have 50 minutes to read, analyze, and write an essay, which means that you need a game plan going in. Here's a short step-by-step guide on how to write an effective SAT essay. #1: Answer the Prompt Don’t just summarize the passage in your essay, or identify persuasive devices used by the author- instead, be sure to actually analyze the way the author of the passage builds her argument. AsThe Official SAT Study Guide states, "[Y]our discussion should focus on what the author does, why he or she does it, and what effect this is likely to have on readers." College Board makes a point of specifying this very point in its grading rubric as well- an essay that scores a 2 (out of 4) or below in Analysis "merely asserts, rather than explains [the persuasive devices'] importance." If you want to get at least a 3/4 (or a 6/8) in Analysis, you need to heed this warning and stay on task. #2: Support Your Points With Concrete Evidence From the Passage The best way to get a high Reading score for your essay is to quote from the passage appropriately to support your points. This shows not only that you’ve read the passage (without your having to summarize the passage at all), but also that you understand what the author is saying and the way the author constructed her argument. As an alternative to using direct quotations from the passage, it’s also okay to paraphrase some of what you discuss. If you are explaining the author's argument in your own words, however, you need to be extra careful to make sure that the facts you're stating are accurate- in contrast to scoring on the old SAT essay, scoring on the new SAT essay takes into account factual inaccuracies and penalizes you for them. #3: Keep Your Essay Organized The SAT essay rubric states: â€Å"The response demonstrates a deliberate and highly effective progression of ideas both within paragraphs and throughout the essay.† The main point to take away from this is that you should follow the standard structure for an SAT essay (introduction-body-body-conclusion). Using a basic four- to five-paragraph essay structure will both keep you organized and make it easier for the essay graders to follow your reasoning- a win-win situation! Furthermore, you should connect each paragraph to each other through effective transitions. We'll give you ways to improve your performance in this area in the articles linked at the end of this article. #4: Make Time to Read, Analyze, Plan, Write, and Revise Make sure you allocate appropriate amounts of time for each of the steps you’ll need to take to write the essay- 50 minutes may seem like a long time, but it goes by awfully quick with all the things you need to do. Reading the passage, analyzing the argument, planning your essay, writing your essay, and revising are all important components for writing an 8/8/8 essay. For a breakdown of how much time to spend on each of these steps, be sure to check out our article on how to write an SAT essay, step-by-step. "Watch Yourself."  ©2015-2016 by Samantha Lindsay. Used with permission. #5: Practice The more you practice analysis and writing, the better you’ll get at the task of writing an SAT essay (as you work up to it a little at a time). It's especially important to practice the analysis and writing components of the essay if you are a slow reader (since reading speed can be difficult to change). Being able to analyze and write quickly can help balance out the extra time you take to read and comprehend the material. Plus, the time you put into working on analysis and writing will yield greater rewards than time spent trying to increase your reading speed. But don't forget: while it’s okay to break up the practice at first, you also really do need to get practice buckling down and doing the whole task in one sitting. What’s Next? This is just the beginning of improving your SAT essay score. Next, you actually need to put this into practice with a real SAT essay. Looking to get even deeper into the essay prompt? Read our complete list of SAT essay prompts and our detailed explanation of the SAT essay prompt. Hone your SAT essay writing skills with our articles about how to write a high-scoring essay, step by step and how to get a 8/8/8 on the SAT essay. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep classes. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our classes are entirely online, and they're taught by SAT experts. If you liked this article, you'll love our classes. Along with expert-led classes, you'll get personalized homework with thousands of practice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step, custom program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Try it risk-free today:

UAE Courts and Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

UAE Courts and Law - Assignment Example The judiciary of UAE is constitutionally independent that also includes the Federal Supreme Court. Ras- al Khaimah and Dubai are not the part of the Federal judiciary of UAE. There is a separate Islamic and Secular law for the criminal court, high court and civil courts. The court system of UAE comprises of civil and Sharia Courts. The testimony of a woman is considered half valuable as that of a man in criminal cases. There is an exclusive jurisdiction present in the courts of Sharia to hear the disputes of families, including cases such as the custody of a child, divorce, guardianship, inheritance and child abuse. Sharia courts that are present only at the federal level listen to the appeals of criminal cases such as certain criminal cases, robbery, driving while drunk and rape. Civil Law Case The Civil Case of UAE against the 17 bootleg killers The reconciliation committee sent this case to the court for both the parties failed to make the decision and reach a single conclusion re garding the claim that was filed by the murdered man’s brother named Misri Khan. He also claimed that he was seriously injured in the fight take took the life of his brother. Thamer Hassan, the lawyer of Misri Khan said in an interview that the judge has approved that their case should be transferred to the civil court. He further added that his client has suffered from serious injury and had nearly 70 percent of disability. The claim registered by Misri Khan had been reduced from DH 1million to DH 500, 000; although the day of the hearing has not yet been decided by the court. The lawyer of the 17 men also recorded his comments by saying that the court was sent to the federal court only because Misri Khan did not settled the claim out of the court. About DH 3.4 million were paid by the killers to the family of the murdered man in order to settle the claim. This money was also paid by the killer to the family of the murdered man and the victim (Misri Khan) in exchange of pard on and as blood money. The death sentences of the murderers have been computed by the court but the prosecutor has successfully registered an appeal against this verdict of the court. The murders have also been facing another suit that has been filed by Misri Khan, who claimed that he has been seriously injured during the brawl (Kannan). This is a civil case that was filed by Misri Khan who was the brother of the murdered man and the victim as well. The hearing of the case is still on pending but the killers of Misri Khan’s brother have been sentenced to death and they have also paid heavy compensation in exchange of pardon. This kind of case shows the supremacy of the civil rights in UAE. In this particular case the family of the victim not only received compensation but the killers were also sentenced to death. This highlights that how just is the Judiciary of UAE that works to provide justice to the citizens of their country. Shariat Law In UAE according to the Shariat Law a man has the right that he can discipline his children and wife as long as he does not leave any physical marks on their body. There was a case registered in October 2010, in which a man was found guilty for slapping and beating his wife and daughter. There were several bruise found on the hand and knee of the girl and severe injuries were present on the lower teeth and lip of the girl. The court claimed that the bruises and the injuries give evidence that the man has abused the Shariat rights of his wife and daughter. In the case of the man’s wife the law of Shariat has definitely been violated as the injuries resulted from the beating were severe whereas the age of the daughter was 23 and she was too old to be disciplined by

Riordan Manufacturing, Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Riordan Manufacturing, Inc - Essay Example The company has a mission of providing outstanding quality and it believes it can achieve it through deploying Total Quality Management Practices (TQM) such as Six Sigma. The company has a strong emphasis on enhancing its quality control practices in order to accomplish and exceed the quality standards set by the customers. Hence, the processes of Riordan Manufacturing should be compatible with the mission which they are undertaking to provide outstanding quality. More importantly, we know that bad quality is highly correlated with increasing costs and lost sales. Review of the current processes The supply chain of Riordan Manufacturing is initiated by the procurement department. As raw materials are received, they are moved to the factory after validation by the respective personnel. At the same time the shipping documents of the raw materials are compared by the supervisor against the incoming orders. At the end of the day, the receiving area manager provides the details of the ent ire amount of raw materials to the inventory clerk who enters the information into the inventory control system. The second stage of the supply chain starts with manufacturing of the goods which takes place when inventory from the storage area is received to the manufacturing premises. The inventory clerk adjusts the information by taking out raw materials and sub assemblies (Work in process) and incorporating them to the inventory control system.... Potential Bottlenecks and Possible Solutions As per the definition, a bottleneck is the activity in a process that inhibits or slows down the overall capacity of the process (Chase, Jacobs & Aquilano, 2006). This reduces the productivity and causes the cost of production to increase. According to the processed defined, we need to enhance these processes a way such that inefficiencies are reduced in the system. At the current moment, the processes of supply chain management for Riordan Manufacturing are being handled through a manual process which is inefficient and consumes a lot of time. The manual based operation creates a paper based environment where there is a lot of room for error. From the beginning of the supply chain that is procuring raw materials to the final product that is delivered to the customer, every operation is performed manually. These are the inherent bottlenecks in the system as it can have disastrous consequences in the long term as a result of inventory loss which will further trigger lost sales and an increased cost of production. The initial process of supply chain is managed by the procurement department which is supposed to procure or remove raw materials from the inventory. They use a hard copy of the data which is processed to further departments. This is a major hurdle in the way of improving efficiency since it increases the physical transaction that is involved with each department. Furthermore, the productivity of the department also slows down since each department has to enter the data into their respective database. An optimal solution to handle this issue is to implement a single online system which can

Women in America Essays -- essays research papers fc

â€Å"The Evolution of Women in Society†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout United States history oppression of people has always been prominent, whether through African American’s and segregation or Asian American’s during the Vietnam War. What is often ignored is our history of the oppression of women. No matter what time in history, there is always a case to be found of the discrimination over gender. Many people know of how African American’s came into freedom and the long perilous road it took, but few know the struggles, changes and hardships that women have perceived to get where they are today. As the civil war halted and industrialization and urbanization came into play, the role of women changed dramatically and their status in the society in the aspects of employment, equal-rights, and in the home.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Women entered the work force suddenly and abruptly. With the advent of typewriters, clerical work, and assembly lines, women were looked for more and more to fill labor positions. Although the typewriter was not responsible for the employment of women as clerical workers its existence probably facilitated or eased the entrance of women into offices (Binder 68). Also expansions in industrial and retail sectors saw women employment in clerical jobs skyrocket. In 1920, the amount of women in clerical work was over 12 times that in 1880 (Norton 341). Some women were getting supervising jobs but they posed no threat to male managers (Norton 3...

Internetworking End-to-End Requirements Essay

– Hence such characteristics as: performance, reliability, scalability, mobility, and QoS of DS are impacted by the underlying network technology and the OS ? Principles of computer networking – Every network has: ? An architecture or layers of protocols ? Packet switching for communication ? Route selection and data streaming ? Comm Subsystems (network technologies rest on): – Transmission media: wires, cables, fiber, wireless (sat, IR, RF, mwave) – Hardware devices: routers, switches, bridges, hubs, repeaters, network interfaces/card/transceivers. – Software components: protocol stacks, comm handlers/drivers, OS primitives, network-focus APIs ? Hosts – The computers and end-devices that use the comm subsystem – Subnet: A single cluster or collection of nodes, which reach each other on the same physical medium and capable of routing outgoing and incoming messages – The Internet is a collection of several subnets (or intranets) ? Networking issues for distributed systems – Initial requirements for DS applications: ftp, rlogin, email, newsgroup – Subsequent generation of DS applics. : on-line shared resources. – Current requirements: performance, reliability, scalability, mobility, security, QoS, multicasting ? Performance – Key: time to deliver unit(s) of messages between a pair of interconnected computers/devices – point-to-point latency (delay) from sending out of outgoing-buffer and receiving into incoming-buffer. Usually due to software overheads, traffic load, and path selection – Data transfer/bit rate: speed of data transfer between 2 computers (bps). Usually due to physical properties of the medium. ? Message trans time = latency + length/bit-rate ? Bandwidth vs. bit-rate. – The total system bandwidth (volume of data sent and received in a unit time, e. g. , per sec. ) is a measure of its throughput – Bit rate or transfer rate is restricted to the medium’s ability to propagate individual bits/signals in a unit time – In most LANs, e. g. , Ethernet’s, when full transmission capacity is devoted to messaging (with little or no latency), then bandwidth and bit-rate are same in measure – Local memory vs network resources: ? Applications access to shared resources on same network usually under msec ? Applications access to local memory usually under msec (1000x faster)? However, for high speed network web-server, with caches, the access time is much faster (than local disk access due to hard disk latency) ? Scalability (Internet and DSs) – Future growth of computing nodes of Internet (hosts, switches) in 109’s (100’s of 106 hosts alone) – Requires substantial changes to routing and addressing schemes (more later! ) – Current traffic (load) on Internet approx. measured by the latencies (see www. mids. org), which seem to have reduced (with advances in medium and protocol types). – Future growth and sustainability depend on economies of use, charge rate, locality/placement of shared resource? Reliability – Failures are typically, not due to the physical medium, but at the end-end (at host levels) software (application-level), therefore, error detection/correction is at the level – Suggesting that the communication subsystem need not be error-free (made transparent/hidden to user) because reliability is somewhat guaranteed at the send/receiver ends (where errors may be caused by, e. g. , buffer overflow, clock drifts causing premature timeouts) ? Security – Most intranets are protected from external (Internet-wide) DSs by firewall. – A firewall protects all the resources of an organized from unlawful/malicious access by external users, and control/monitoring of use of resources outside the firewall – A firewall (bundle of security software and network hardware) runs on a gateway – the entry/exit point of the corporate intranet – A firewall is usually configured based on corporate security policy, and filters incoming and outgoing messages. – To go beyond firewalls, and grant access to world- or Internet-wide resources, end-to-end authentication, privacy, and security (Standards) are needed to allow DSs to function – E. g., techniques are Cryptographic and Authentication – usually implemented at a level above the communication subsystem – Virtual Private Network (VPN) security concept allows intranet-level protection of such features/devices as local routers and secure links to mobile devices ? Mobility – Need wireless to support portable computers and hand-held devices – Wireless links are susceptible to, e. g. , eavesdropping, distortions in medium, out-of-sight/range transmitters/receivers – Current addressing and routing schemes are based on ‘wired’ technologies, which have been adapted and, therefore, not perfect and need extensions? QoS (Quality of Service) – Meeting deadlines and user requirements in transmitting/processing streams of real-time multimedia data – E. g. , QoS requirements: guaranteed bandwidth, timely delivery or bounded latencies, or dynamic readjustments to requirements ? Multicasting – Most transmissions are point-to-point, but several involve one-to-many (either one-to-all – broadcast or selective broadcast – multicast) – Simply sending the same message from one node to several destinations is inefficient – Multicasting technique allows single transmission to multiple destination (simultaneously) by using special addressing scheme 3. Multimedia Transmission and Internetworking Heterogeneous Systems ? Types of Networks – LANs: (confined to smaller, typically, 2. 5km diameter spread) ? higher speed, single medium for interconnection (twisted pair, coax, opt), no routing within ‘segments’ – all point-to-point (from hub), inter-segment connections via switches/hubs, low latency, low error rate ? E. g. , Ethernet, token ring, slotted ring protocols, wired. (1) Ethernet: 1970 with bandwidth of 10Mbps, with extended versions of 100/1000Mbps, lacking latency and bandwidth QoS for DSs: (2) ATM – using frame cells and optical fills the gap but expensive for LAN, newer high-speed Ethernets offer improvement and cost-effective – MANs: (confined to extended, regional area, typically, up to 50km spread) ? Based on high-bandwidth copper and fiber optics for multimedia (audio/video/voice), ? E. g. , technologies: ATM, high-speed Ethernet (IEEE 802. 6 – protocols for MANs), DSL (digital subscriber line) using ATM switches to switch digitized voice over twisted pair @ 0. 25-6Mbps within 1. 5km, cable modem uses coax @ 1. 5Mpbs using analog signaling on TV networks and longer distances than DSL – WANs: (worldwide, lower speeds over sets of varying types of circuits with routers) ? High latency (due to switching and route searching) between 0. 1-0. 5s, signaling speed around 3x105km/s (bounds latency) plus propagation delay (round-trip) of about 0. 2s if using satellite/geostationary dishes; generally slower at 10-100kbps or best 1-2Mbps – Wireless: (connecting portable, wearable devices using access points) ? Common protocol – IEEE 802. 11 (a, b, and now g) (WaveLAN) @ 2-11Mbps (11g’s bandwidth near 54Mbps) over 150m creating a WLANs, some mobiles connected to fixed devices – printers, servers, palmtops to create a WPANs (wireless personal area networks) using IR links or low-powered Bluetooth radio network tech @ 1-2Mbps over 10m. ? Most mobile cell phones use Bluetooth tech. e. g. , European GSM standard and US, mostly, analog-based AMP cellular radio network, atop by CDPD – cellular digital packet data communication system, operating over wider areas at lower speed 9. 6-19. 2kbps.? Tiny screens of mobiles and wearables require a new WAP protocol – Internetworks ? Building open, extendible system for DSs, supporting network heterogeneity, multi-protocol system involving LANs, MANs, WLANs, connected by routers and gateways with layers of software for data and protocol conversions – creating a ‘virtual network’ using underlying physical networks ? E. g. , the Internet using TCP/IP (over several other physical protocols) – Comparisons ? Range of performance characteristics: ? Frequency and types of failures, when used for DS applics? Packet delivery/loss, duplicates (masked at TCP level to guarantee some reliability and transparency to DSs; but may use UDP – faster but less reliable and DS applic’s responsibility to guarantee reliability) Diagram 3. 2 Network Principles †¢ Packet Transmission †¢ Packet transmission superseded telephone/telegraph switched network †¢ Messages are packetized and packets are queued, buffered (in local storage), and transmitted when lines are available using asynchronous transmission protocol †¢ Data Streaming †¢ Multimedia data can’t be packetized due to unpredicted delays. AV data are streamed at higher frequency and bandwidth at continuous flow rate †¢ Delivery of multimedia data to its destination is time-critical / low latency – requiring end-to-end predefined route †¢ E. g. networks: ATM, IPv6 (next generation – will separate ‘steamed’ IP packets at network layer; and use RSVP (resource reserv. protocol) resource/bandwidth prealloc and RTP play-time/time-reqs (real-time transp protocol) at layers 3 & 1, respectively) to work ? Switching Schemes – 4 Kinds of switching methods typically used. – Broadcast – no switching logic, all nodes ‘see’ signals on circuits/cells (e.g. , Ethernet, wireless networks) – Circuit Switching – Interconnected segments of circuits via switches/exchange boxes, e. g. , POTS (Plain Old Telephone System) – Packet Switching – Developed as computing tech advanced with processors and storage spaces using store-and-forward algorithms and computers as switches. Packets are not sent instantaneously, routed on different links, reordered, may be lost, high latency (few msec – msecs). Extension to switch audio/video data brought integration of ‘digitized’ data for computer comm. , telephone services, TV, and radio broadcasting, teleconferencing. – Frame Relay – PS (not instantaneous, just an illusion! ), but FR, which integrates CS and PS techniques, streams smaller packets (53 byte-cells called frames) as bits at processing nodes. E. g. , ATM – Protocols – – Protocols – implemented as pairs of software modules in send/receive nodes, – Specify the sequence of messages for transmission – Specify the format of the data in the messages – Protocols Layers – layered architecture, following the OSI suite – packets are communicated as peer-to-peer transmission but effected vertically across layers by encapsulation method over a physical medium Protocols Suites – The 7-layered architecture of the ISO-OSI †¢ Each layer provides service to the layer above it and extends the service provided by the layer below it †¢ A complete set of protocol layers constitute a suite or stack †¢ Layering simplifies and generalizes the software interface definitions, but costly overhead due to encapsulations and protocol conversions Diagram 3. 3 4. Service Provider Management On the Internet, a management service provider (MSP) is a company that manages information technology services for other companies. For example, a company could hire an MSP to configure and administer its business computers and related systems on a continuing basis, saving the company. An MSP is a service provider that offers system and network management tools and expertise. An MSP typically has its own data center that runs advanced network management software such as HP OpenView or Tivoli. It uses these tools to actively monitor and provide reports on aspects of its customer’s networks, including communication links, network bandwidth, servers, and so on. The MSP may host the customer’s Web servers and application servers at its own site. The services provided by MSPs have been called â€Å"Web telemetry† services. The MSP Association defines MSPs as follows: Management Service Providers deliver information technology (IT) infrastructure management services to multiple customers over a network on a subscription basis. Like Application Service Providers (ASPs), Management Service Providers deliver services via networks that are billed to their clients on a recurring fee basis. Unlike ASPs, which deliver business applications to end users, MSPs deliver system management services to IT departments and other customers who manage their own technology assets. TriActive is an example of an MSP. It provides management and monitoring of PCs, servers, networks, and Web sites from its own NOC (network operations center), which is hosted by Exodus Communications. Exodus ensures that the NOC has fully redundant power, network connectivity, routing, and switching to ensure maximum reliability and integrity. A â€Å"microagent† interacts with customer systems to provide system management. The agent is lightweight and designed for use over the Internet. It acts as a universal agent invoking and managing other agents and programs as required for specific actions. The service is delivered via the Web through a secure Internet portal that lets customers view management information, based on their role in the organization. For example, CIOs can view overall management information while help desk technicians can check call queues, escalations, and open ticket status. Systems analysts can conduct asset inventories and view virus reporting. Objective Systems Integrators is another management service provider that provides software solutions for unified network, service application, and process management. OSI was recently acquired by Agilent Technologies. A list of other MSPs may be found at the MSP Association Web site. Web application and infrastructure monitoring and management have suddenly become critical, yet the tools to do them are lacking. Management service providers (MSP), the latest addition to the current slew of service providers, claim to offer products and services that will oversee your Web operations. Companies staking claims as early MSPs include Candle Corp. in Santa Monica, Calif. ; InteQ Corp. in Burlington, Mass. ; and Nuclio Corp. in Skokie, Ill. What makes MSPs distinctive is that their products and services are provided over the Internet on a subscription basis. That means â€Å"MSPs can achieve economies of scale that companies who license software cannot,† says Christopher Booth, head of technical operations at FreightWise Inc. , a Forth Worth, Texas-based online transportation exchange. Though he declined to say how much his company is paying to use Nuclio’s MSP, Booth did say that the service has been â€Å"very advantageous. † The cost savings that MSPs can pass on may help them catch on with corporate customers. Gartner Group Inc. in Stamford, Conn., estimates that the $90 million MSP market will balloon to more than $3. 25 billion by 2005. 5. Programmable/Cognitive Networks A key strength of the Internet has been to reduce the intelligence within the network to that required placed at strategic places within the network such as at administrative boundaries, or at locations where there is a large mismatch between bandwidth, or where the certain location specific services can be used. Others believe that the entire architecture should be rethought as a computational environment, in which everything can be programmed, and the entire network becomes active. The research in this area is aimed at discovering how viable it is to open up such elements of the communications architecture as the routing table. A fundamental question raised by both the active service and the active network approaches is how to ensure that the shared resource of the network remains safe and is protected from misbehaving programs. Programs can abuse the network by generating packet explosions and can abuse the shared processor by using all the memory and the processor cycles. Worse, they may subvert the working of correct programs so that they too break. If network programmability is going to be available to the application designers, we need to ensure that they do not break things by accident, let alone by intention. Traditional systems approaches to protection are based upon what a program should be able to do, then using runtime checks to ensure that the program doesn’t exceed these bounds. This leads to the sandbox model of protection, as used in Java and enhanced to provide protection for Active Networks. However, there are major problems with this approach. First, each runtime check reduces the performance of the system, increasing the overhead of each use of system resources. Second, it is very difficult to ensure that the protection mechanisms are correct, and cannot be subverted in any way. An alternative approach is to use compile time checks upon what the program is doing. This uses the type system to represent predicates about program functionality and if a program is well-typed, then it proves the program to obey the policies implemented in the type system. This approach has been used to allow users to run programs within the kernel as in Spin, and in protecting access to router functionality in the Switchware project. †¢ To provide a network programming language based on Internet `best effort’ communication. †¢ To provide scaleable high-level communication based on `remote spawn’ from which other communication can be built. †¢ To make use of types as safety properties, to ensure that the safety and security policies of the network are maintained. †¢ To rapidly prototype tools such as compilers and simulators in order to drive the development of the language by examples. Best-effort distributed programming In the Internet, an application transmits a packet, which is sent to the next router on the way to the destination. At this router, the arrival of the packet causes code to run, which calls other code dependent upon the fields in the header of the packet. This code may access and modify local state stored in the router and then copy or create one or more packets to be sent out from the router. These packets are then routed on output links depending upon the destination for each packet, and so on until the packets reach their destination, or are destroyed within the network for whatever reason. In our programming model, we have attempted to replicate this basic structure of packet transmission. In the Internet, the arrival of a packet initiates some thread of control which uses the data within the packet to decide upon the disposition of the packet. In our model, a packet becomes a thread of control, carrying the code to be run and the names or values of any data referenced within that code. When a thread arrives at a Safetynet-aware router or end system, the thread code is instantiated within the runtime and runs within a de_ned scheduling class. The thread of control may call other code to be run on its behalf. The other code is encapsulated within classes, which are either present in the router, or are dynamically loaded from elsewhere. Threads can spawn other threads, either locally or on the next hop to some destination. 6. Design of an Internetwork We will discuss about the networking especially the internetworking. In this case we will need to discuss some topics related with the Internet Infrastructure, Internet routing, domain name and address resolution, internet protocol and the applications. Internet Infrastructure: The Internet backbone is made up of many large networks which interconnect with each other. These large networks are known as Network Service Providers or Naps. Some of the large Naps are UUNet, Cerf Net, IBM, BBN Planet, Sprint Net, PSINet, as well as others. These networks peer with each other to exchange packet traffic. Each NSP is required to connect to three Network Access Points or NAPs. At the NAPs, packet traffic may jump from one NSP’s backbone to another NSP’s backbone. NSPs also interconnect at Metropolitan Area Exchanges or MAEs. MAEs serve the same purpose as the NAPs but are privately owned. NAPs were the original Internet interconnects points. Both NAPs and MAEs are referred to as Internet Exchange Points or IXs. NSPs also sell bandwidth to smaller networks, such as ISPs and smaller bandwidth providers. Below is a picture showing this hierarchical infrastructure. Diagram 4 This is not a true representation of an actual piece of the Internet. Diagram 4 is only meant to demonstrate how the NSPs could interconnect with each other and smaller ISPs. None of the physical network components are shown in Diagram 4 as they are in Diagram 3. This is because a single NSP’s backbone infrastructure is a complex drawing by itself. Most NSPs publish maps of their network infrastructure on their web sites and can be found easily. To draw an actual map of the Internet would be nearly impossible due to its size, complexity, and ever-changing structure. The Internet Routing Working: It is general phenomenon that No computer knows where any of the other computers are, and packets do not get sent to every computer. The information used to get packets to their destinations is contained in routing tables kept by each router connected to the Internet. The Routers are called the packet switches. A router is usually connected between networks to route packets between them. Each router knows about its sub-networks and which IP addresses they use. The router usually doesn’t know what IP addresses are ‘above’ it. Examine Diagram 5 below. The black boxes connecting the backbones are routers. The larger NSP backbones at the top are connected at a NAP. Under them are several sub-networks, and under them, more sub-networks. At the bottom are two local area networks with computers attached. Diagram 5 When a packet arrives at a router, the router examines the IP address put there by the IP protocol layer on the originating computer. The router checks its routing table. If the network containing the IP address is found, the packet is sent to that network. If the network containing the IP address is not found, then the router sends the packet on a default route, usually up the backbone hierarchy to the next router. Hopefully the next router will know where to send the packet. If it does not, again the packet is routed upwards until it reaches a NSP backbone. The routers connected to the NSP backbones hold the largest routing tables and here the packet will be routed to the correct backbone, where it will begin its journey ‘downward’ through smaller and smaller networks until it finds its destination. Domain Names and Address Resolution. But what if you don’t know the IP address of the computer you want to connect to? What if the you need to access a web server referred to as www. anothercomputer. com? How does your web browser know where on the Internet this computer lives? The answer to all these questions is the Domain Name Service or DNS. The DNS is a distributed database which keeps track of computer’s names and their corresponding IP addresses on the Internet. Many computers connected to the Internet host part of the DNS database and the software that allows others to access it. These computers are known as DNS servers. No DNS server contains the entire database; they only contain a subset of it. If a DNS server does not contain the domain name requested by another computer, the DNS server re-directs the requesting computer to another DNS server. Diagram 6 The Domain Name Service is structured as a hierarchy similar to the IP routing hierarchy. The computer requesting a name resolution will be re-directed ‘up’ the hierarchy until a DNS server is found that can resolve the domain name in the request. Figure 6 illustrates a portion of the hierarchy. At the top of the tree are the domain roots. Some of the older, more common domains are seen near the top. What is not shown are the multitude of DNS servers around the world which form the rest of the hierarchy? When an Internet connection is setup (e. g. for a LAN or Dial-Up Networking in Windows), one primary and one or more secondary DNS servers are usually specified as part of the installation. This way, any Internet applications that need domain name resolution will be able to function correctly. For example, when you enter a web address into your web browser, the browser first connects to your primary DNS server. After obtaining the IP address for the domain name you entered, the browser then connects to the target computer and requests the web page you wanted. The Disable DNS in Windows If you’re using Windows 95/NT and access the Internet, you may view your DNS server(s) and even disable them. If you use Dial-Up Networking: Open your Dial-Up Networking window (which can be found in Windows Explorer under your CD-ROM drive and above Network Neighborhood). Right click on your Internet connection and click Properties. Near the bottom of the connection properties window press the TCP/IP Settings†¦ button. If you have a permanent connection to the Internet: Right click on Network Neighborhood and click Properties. Click TCP/IP Properties. Select the DNS Configuration tab at the top. You should now be looking at your DNS servers’ IP addresses. Here you may disable DNS or set your DNS servers to 0. 0. 0. 0. (Write down your DNS servers’ IP addresses first. You will probably have to restart Windows as well. ) Now enter an address into your web browser. The browser won’t be able to resolve the domain name and you will probably get a nasty dialog box explaining that a DNS server couldn’t be found. However, if you enter the corresponding IP address instead of the domain name, the browser will be able to retrieve the desired web page. (Use ping to get the IP address prior to disabling DNS. ) Other Microsoft operating systems are similar. Internet protocols: As hinted to earlier in the section about protocol stacks, one may surmise that there are many protocols that are used on the Internet. This is true; there are many communication protocols required for the Internet to function. These include the TCP and IP protocols, routing protocols, medium access control protocols, application level protocols, etc. The following sections describe some of the more important and commonly used protocols on the Internet. Higher-level protocols are discussed first, followed by lower level protocols. Application Protocols: HTTP and the World Wide Web One of the most commonly used services on the Internet is the World Wide Web (WWW). The application protocol that makes the web work is Hypertext Transfer Protocol or HTTP. Do not confuse this with the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). HTML is the language used to write web pages. HTTP is the protocol that web browsers and web servers use to communicate with each other over the Internet. It is an application level protocol because it sits on top of the TCP layer in the protocol stack and is used by specific applications to talk to one another. In this case the applications are web browsers and web servers. HTTP is a connectionless text based protocol. Clients (web browsers) send requests to web servers for web elements such as web pages and images. After the request is serviced by a server, the connection between client and server across the Internet is disconnected. A new connection must be made for each request. Most protocols are connection oriented. This means that the two computers communicating with each other keep the connection open over the Internet. HTTP does not however. Before an HTTP request can be made by a client, a new connection must be made to the server. When you type a URL into a web browser, this is what happens: If the URL contains a domain name, the browser first connects to a domain name server and retrieves the corresponding IP address for the web server. The web browser connects to the web server and sends an HTTP request (via the protocol stack) for the desired web page. The web server receives the request and checks for the desired page. If the page exists, the web server sends it. If the server cannot find the requested page, it will send an HTTP 404 error message. (404 mean ‘Page Not Found’ as anyone who has surfed the web probably knows. ) The web browser receives the page back and the connection is closed. The browser then parses through the page and looks for other page elements it needs to complete the web page. These usually include images, applets, etc. For each element needed, the browser makes additional connections and HTTP requests to the server for each element. When the browser has finished loading all images, applets, etc.the page will be completely loaded in the browser window. Retrieving a Web Page Using HTTP: Telnet is a remote terminal service used on the Internet. Its use has declined lately, but it is a very useful tool to study the Internet. In Windows find the default telnet program. It may be located in the Windows directory named telnet. exe. When opened, pull down the Terminal menu and select Preferences. In the preferences window, check Local Echo. (This is so you can see your HTTP request when you type it. ) Now pull down the Connection menu and select Remote System. Enter www. google. com for the Host Name and 80 for the Port. (Web servers usually listen on port 80 by default. ) Press Connect. Now type GET / HTTP/1. 0 And press Enter twice. This is a simple HTTP request to a web server for its root page. You should see a web page flash by and then a dialog box should pop up to tell you the connection was lost. If you’d like to save the retrieved page, turn on logging in the Telnet program. You may then browse through the web page and see the HTML that was used to write it. Most Internet protocols are specified by Internet documents known as a Request for Comments or RFCs. RFCs may be found at several locations on the Internet. See the Resources section below for appropriate URL’s. HTTP version 1. 0 is specified by RFC 1945. Application Protocols: SMTP and Electronic Mail: Another commonly used Internet service is electronic mail. E-mail uses an application level protocol called Simple Mail Transfer Protocol or SMTP. SMTP is also a text-based protocol, but unlike HTTP, SMTP is connection oriented. SMTP is also more complicated than HTTP. There are many more commands and considerations in SMTP than there are in HTTP. When you open your mail client to read your e-mail, this is what typically happens: The mail client (Netscape Mail, Lotus Notes, Microsoft Outlook, etc.) opens a connection to its default mail server. The mail server’s IP address or domain name is typically setup when the mail client is installed. The mail server will always transmit the first message to identify itself. The client will send an SMTP HELO command to which the server will respond with a 250 OK message. Depending on whether the client is checking mail, sending mail, etc. the appropriate SMTP commands will be sent to the server, which will respond accordingly. This request/response transaction will continue until the client sends an SMTP QUIT command. The server will then say goodbye and the connection will be closed. Transmission Control Protocol: Under the application layer in the protocol stack is the TCP layer. When applications open a connection to another computer on the Internet, the messages they send (using a specific application layer protocol) get passed down the stack to the TCP layer. TCP is responsible for routing application protocols to the correct application on the destination computer. To accomplish this, port numbers are used. Ports can be thought of as separate channels on each computer. For example, you can surf the web while reading e-mail. This is because these two applications (the web browser and the mail clien.